中国水安全发展报告（2025）
中文摘要
保障国家水安全是推动生态保护和高质量发展的必然要求。本书围绕除水害、兴水利两大水安全目标，立足自然水循环和社会水循环耦合过程及其资源环境效应科学视角，系统阐述我国江河防洪、城市内涝、供水体系、农村饮水等现状、问题和挑战，并结合典型案例梳理分析国外水安全治理经验等，有针对性地提出相应对策措施和政策建议。
在除水害方面，我国高度重视防洪减灾体系建设。近年来，国家有计划、有步骤、系统性、有针对性地开展了山洪灾害和城市内涝的防治工作。山洪灾害防治体系建设已见实效，涵盖以工程措施为主的常遇洪水防御体系、以非工程措施为支撑的超标洪水抗御体系、以减少人员伤亡为目的的山洪灾害防御体系、以洪水灾害风险管理为主的社会管理体系，山洪灾害防治综合能力显著提升。城市内涝防治的工程措施、防汛应急救援体系、智慧管控体系持续完善，特别是监测感知、预报预警、模拟推演、决策支持等成套技术的研发和实践应用，有效增强了城市应对洪涝灾害的韧性。
在兴水利方面，我国供水安全保障取得了举世瞩目的成就。全国水利建设年投资额已迈上万亿元台阶，水库、水闸、泵站、机电井等工程体系逐步完善，已建成世界上规模最大的调水工程体系，推进水资源空间均衡配置成效显著，在保障国家水资源安全和改善人民生活条件方面发挥了重要作用。国家水网建设重大战略部署加快推进，水物理网、水信息网、水调度网相融合的智能水网体系日益成熟。农村供水工程体系基本建立，农村饮水安全问题全面解决，城乡供水一体化持续推进，为巩固脱贫攻坚成果、推动乡村全面振兴奠定了坚实基础，农村饮水安全已进入了农村供水全面保障发展的新阶段。
同时需要看到，在全球气候变化和国土空间利用加强等背景下，极端天气事件与土地开发利用强度升高、河湖岸线空间承压、城市排水管网建设滞后等问题交叠，对我国水安全带来严峻挑战。具有代表性的灾害包括海河“23·7”流域性特大洪水、2022年长江流域特大干旱、郑州“7·20”特大暴雨灾害以及上海市咸潮入侵等，其形成机制复杂、预报难度大、应对措施协调要求高，仍需进一步提升综合调控能力。
针对我国的国情水情，同时借鉴联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs）、欧美等发达国家保障水安全的经验和做法，本书建议应从法治建设、工程体系、市场机制、系统治理、智慧水利等方面，推动水治理能力现代化建设，综合提升我国水安全保障水平。
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