中国人口与劳动问题报告No.21
| 书 名： |
中国人口与劳动问题报告No.21 |
| 英 文 名： |
REPORT ON CHINA’S POPULATION AND LABOR No.21
|
| 作 者： |
张车伟 蔡翼飞 |
| I S B N： |
978-7-5201-7447-3 |
| 丛 书 名： |
人口与劳动绿皮书
订阅
|
| 关 键 词： |
人口问题 就业问题 人力资本 经济发展 |
| 出版日期： |
2020-12-01 |
中文摘要
“十四五”时期是我国开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程的第一个五年，这一时期，中国发展的外部环境将更加复杂、各类挑战也将趋于增加，国内转变发展方式、优化经济结构、转换增长动力的任务更加紧迫，如何推动我国经济由高速增长阶段向高质量发展阶段转变是一个重大的课题。历史经验和经典理论都指出，人力资本是内生经济增长动力的重要源泉，对一国的可持续发展具有决定性作用，因此“十四五”时期经济高质量发展必须建立在加快提升人力资本水平的基础上。本书立足对“十四五”时期人口老龄化、第四次工业革命、新冠肺炎疫情后续影响等重大环境变化的研判，在对我国人力资本现状与特征进行全面分析的基础上，探讨人力资本提升面临的突出问题和挑战，提出“十四五”时期我国人力资本发展战略、目标、任务和举措。
人力资本按照其获得的方式可划分为教育型人力资本、技能型人力资本、健康型人力资本、创新型人力资本四大类。当前，我国人力资本发展还面临着诸多问题和挑战，主要表现为：教育型人力资本方面，存在平均受教育年限偏低、教育经费投入不足、教育资源分布不平衡问题突出、教育体系中的短板比较显著等问题；技能型人力资本方面，存在技能人才队伍规模偏小、高级技能人才占比较小、地域和行业分布不尽合理、职业院校发展面临困境等问题；健康型人力资本方面，面临患病率提升、青少年营养健康问题日益突出、中老年人健康问题以及健康服务不平等、卫生投入区域发展不平衡等问题；创新型人力资本方面，面临整体规模缺口较大、研发投入强度不高、基础研究短板突出、创新教育长期缺失等问题；此外，现有的人力资本水平和培育方式，与新技术新产业新模式发展的要求还有不小差距；等等。
这些问题既是与高质量发展要求相比的短板，也是释放经济增长内生动力的潜力和努力方向，从这一角度看，通过加快人力资本提升来推进经济高质量发展将大有可为。“十四五”时期，人力资本发展应放置于国民经济社会发展规划中更加重要的位置，本研究重点提出几方面建议：一是要积极实施人力资本跃升计划，通过科学设定发展目标、设计行动方案和重大工程、加快体制机制改革等措施，建立健全面向现代化的人力资本培养体系；二是加快提高教育型人力资本，进一步提高财政性教育经费占GDP比重，全面普及高中阶段免费教育，加快补齐在学前教育、职业教育和继续教育领域短板；三是要强化培育技能型人力资本，对就业重点群体开展职业技能提升培训和创业培训，加快推动终身职业技能培训制度落实落地，稳慎推进职业资格许可和认定事项改革，创新乡村技能人才培养制度；四是积极增强健康型人力资本，完善预防保健服务、疾病管理和医疗保障体系，推行全民身体活动健康计划，延长国民健康生命周期；五是激发提升创新型人力资本，建立有利于培养创造力创新精神的高等教育制度和有利于科研人员潜心研究的科研体制，建立有利于激励企业家创新的市场机制，广泛吸引海外人才回国（来华）从事创新研究。
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