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新西兰社会保障制度

书 名: 新西兰社会保障制度
英 文 名: Social Security System of New Zealand
作 者: 张晓霞
I S B N: 978-7-5201-8617-9
丛 书 名: 国家社科基金后期资助项目 订阅
关 键 词:  社会保障制度 新西兰 养老金制度 西方福利国家
出版日期: 2021-07-01

中文摘要

新西兰社会保障制度的起源可追溯到19世纪后期,经历了四个重要的转折时期,分别是19世纪90年代、20世纪30年代、20世纪80年代、21世纪初。尤其是前这三个阶段的改革都是成功的,实现了革命性的转型。

本书尝试回答以下几个问题:第一,新西兰社会保障制度发展的驱动力是什么?第二,新西兰社会保障制度与其他国家社会保障制度相比有哪些特色?第三,从19世纪末新西兰第一部养老金法案出台到21世纪,新西兰社会保障制度经过了漫长的发展阶段,在不同的政党治理下,在经济和社会发展的不同时期,新西兰社会保障制度发生了哪些变化?第四,在人口老龄化压力下,西方福利国家大多出现了养老金支出压力,而建立在非缴费型基础上的新西兰养老金制度却发展稳健,财政压力较小,值得我们借鉴的经验是什么?本书以上述问题为研究脉络,归纳总结新西兰社会保障制度的演变规律、问题与经验。

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CommonID:DIR_71727372,ID:13405017,SiteID:14,Type:formerAidText,Code:null,ParentId:0,InnerCode:684318,name:国家社科基金后期资助项目出版说明,ShortName:,SubName:,EnTitle:null,EnShortTitle:null,EnSubTitle:null,Level:0,BookId:13405011,AbstractCH:null,AbstractEN:null,KeyWords:null,EKeyWords:null,SubjectWords:null,LiteratureId:13405016,Fileref:null,OrderFlag:0,IsLeaf:Y,PubDate:null,FindDate:null,IssueDate:null,DocType:null,ProductSeries:null,Doi:null,InstanceID:0,MinNodeSearch:null,XmlID:null,Prop1:null,Prop2:null,Prop3:null,prop4:null,AddUser:admin,AddTime:2021-07-20 12:39:11.0,ModifyUser:null,ModifyTime:2021-11-27 19:12:09.0,HitCount:0,ShowType:putong,LogoID:0,PdfID:0,DownCount:0,AuthorInfos:null,BookPublishDate:2021-07-01 00:00:00.0,SearchTitle:国家社科基金后期资助项目出版说明,ISBN:978-7-5201-8617-9,BookTitle:新西兰社会保障制度,BookStatus:7,AllowDownload:Y,BookVersionNum:null,researchorg:null,CopyRightDate:null,ExcellentPeriod:null,PrizeLevel:null,IsExcellence:null,ContentClass:null,IsDisabled:N,SearchTitle_2:国家社科基金后期资助项目出版说明,_RowNo:1
CommonID:DIR_71727373,ID:13405019,SiteID:14,Type:chapter,Code:null,ParentId:0,InnerCode:684319,name:第一章 导论,ShortName:,SubName:,EnTitle:,EnShortTitle:,EnSubTitle:,Level:0,BookId:13405011,AbstractCH:

一国社会保障制度是伴随着社会和经济的发展而逐步发展起来的,它的产生是社会文明和进步的重要标志之一。从几千年前社会成员之间的互帮互助发展到今天的社会化保障制度,世界社会保障制度大致经历了萌芽、确立、繁荣和改革四个发展阶段。1601年英国颁布的《济贫法》为失去劳动能力的老年人和残疾人提供济贫救济,标志着政府正式介入由民间主导的慈善事业。德国是世界上第一个建立社会保险制度的国家,此后,欧美其他国家纷纷仿效也建立起了社会保险制度。社会保障制度的确立对于稳固资本主义政权和促进经济发展起了重要的作用。

,AbstractEN:

A country's social security system is gradually developed with the development of society and economy. Its emergence is one of the important symbols of social civilization and progress. From the mutual assistance among social members thousands of years ago to today's socialized security system, the world social security system has roughly experienced four development stages: germination, establishment, prosperity and reform. The Poverty Relief Act promulgated by Britain in 1601 provides poverty relief for the elderly and the disabled who have lost the ability to work, marking the government's formal involvement in non-governmental led philanthropy. Germany is the first country in the world to establish a social insurance system. Since then, other countries in Europe and the United States have followed suit and established a social insurance system. The establishment of the social security system has played an important role in stabilizing the capitalist regime and promoting economic development,KeyWords:29668,21895,609931,2667,EKeyWords:64900,29212,102145,2668,SubjectWords:,LiteratureId:13405018,Fileref:null,OrderFlag:0,IsLeaf:N,PubDate:null,FindDate:null,IssueDate:null,DocType:null,ProductSeries:null,Doi:null,InstanceID:0,MinNodeSearch:Y,XmlID:b120210701X20204663001_000_001,Prop1:null,Prop2:null,Prop3:null,prop4:null,AddUser:admin,AddTime:2021-07-20 12:39:11.0,ModifyUser:null,ModifyTime:2021-11-27 19:12:09.0,HitCount:20,ShowType:putong,LogoID:0,PdfID:13405020,DownCount:30,AuthorInfos:,BookPublishDate:2021-07-01 00:00:00.0,SearchTitle:新西兰社会保障制度研究概述,ISBN:978-7-5201-8617-9,BookTitle:新西兰社会保障制度,BookStatus:7,AllowDownload:Y,BookVersionNum:null,researchorg:null,CopyRightDate:null,ExcellentPeriod:null,PrizeLevel:null,IsExcellence:null,ContentClass:null,IsDisabled:N,SearchTitle_2:新西兰社会保障制度研究概述,_RowNo:2

CommonID:DIR_71727380,ID:13405022,SiteID:14,Type:chapter,Code:null,ParentId:0,InnerCode:684320,name:第二章 新西兰社会保障制度的出现(1898—1928年),ShortName:,SubName:,EnTitle:,EnShortTitle:,EnSubTitle:,Level:0,BookId:13405011,AbstractCH:

19世纪末期,新西兰经济陷入了长期的萧条状态,贫困成为困扰大部分新西兰人的主要问题。早期的殖民者把新西兰看作英国殖民地的“福利试验场”,强调公民自立与自愿的思想占据主导地位,殖民统治者并没有采取像英国一样的《济贫法》(Poor Law),因为他们认为新世界(新西兰)一定比旧世界(英国)好,因此,政府的济贫活动被看作不必要,各个家庭应该能自己照顾好自己,一个渴望安居乐业的社会应该选择自助,而不是对流浪者进行帮助。然而,早期殖民地经济的萧条和资源的匮乏使得很多家庭陷入生存的困境,因此,友谊会、私人慈善机构、邻居互助团体等机构应运而生,这些民间的互助团体和慈善机构对稳定社会秩序的意义是不言而喻的,但由于这些互助团体和慈善机构财力不足而无法承担起济贫的重任,最终演变成由国家来承担扶贫救助的主要责任,1898年新西兰第一部《老龄养老金法案》的出台标志着制度化社会保障的开始。

,AbstractEN:

In the late 19th century, New Zealand's economy fell into a long-term depression, and poverty became the main problem perplexing most new Zealanders. The early colonists regarded New Zealand as the "welfare test ground" of the British colony, emphasizing that the idea of citizens' independence and voluntariness dominated. The colonial rulers did not adopt the poor law like Britain, because they thought that the new world (New Zealand) must be better than the old world (Britain). Therefore, the government's poverty relief activities were regarded as unnecessary, Families should be able to take care of themselves. A society eager to live and work in peace and contentment should choose self-help rather than help the homeless. However, the depression of the early colonial economy and the lack of resources made many families in a dilemma of survival. Therefore, friendship societies, private charities, neighborhood mutual aid organizations and other organizations came into being. The significance of these non-governmental mutual aid organizations and charities to stabilizing social order is self-evident, However, due to the lack of financial resources of these mutual aid organizations and charities, they were unable to shoulder the heavy responsibility of poverty relief, and finally evolved into the main responsibility of poverty alleviation and assistance by the state. The introduction of New Zealand's first old-age pension act in 1898 marked the beginning of institutionalized social security,KeyWords:29668,21895,140875,37776,43310,EKeyWords:64900,29212,5369,58572,42397,SubjectWords:,LiteratureId:13405021,Fileref:null,OrderFlag:0,IsLeaf:N,PubDate:null,FindDate:null,IssueDate:null,DocType:null,ProductSeries:null,Doi:null,InstanceID:0,MinNodeSearch:Y,XmlID:b120210701X20204663001_000_002,Prop1:null,Prop2:null,Prop3:null,prop4:null,AddUser:admin,AddTime:2021-07-20 12:39:11.0,ModifyUser:null,ModifyTime:2021-11-27 19:12:09.0,HitCount:10,ShowType:putong,LogoID:0,PdfID:13405023,DownCount:28,AuthorInfos:,BookPublishDate:2021-07-01 00:00:00.0,SearchTitle:1898~1928年新西兰社会保障制度的出现,ISBN:978-7-5201-8617-9,BookTitle:新西兰社会保障制度,BookStatus:7,AllowDownload:Y,BookVersionNum:null,researchorg:null,CopyRightDate:null,ExcellentPeriod:null,PrizeLevel:null,IsExcellence:null,ContentClass:null,IsDisabled:N,SearchTitle_2:1898~1928年新西兰社会保障制度的出现,_RowNo:3

CommonID:DIR_71727398,ID:13405025,SiteID:14,Type:chapter,Code:null,ParentId:0,InnerCode:684321,name:第三章 新西兰社会保障法的产生(1929—1939年),ShortName:,SubName:,EnTitle:,EnShortTitle:,EnSubTitle:,Level:0,BookId:13405011,AbstractCH:

20世纪30年代初的经济大萧条(1929—1935年)是20世纪最深刻的全球经济危机。它影响了包括新西兰在内的整个西方世界。正是20世纪30年代的大萧条促使新西兰社会保障制度新举措的出台。大萧条暴露了国家保障与私人救助制度的不足,导致更多的人依赖于慈善救助,民众希望政府能有所作为。自由党政府和工党政府首先做出了反应,采取了一系列的措施,对国民提供保障,最终推动了1938年《社会保障法》的出台。

,AbstractEN:

The great depression in the early 1930s (1929-1935) was the most profound global economic crisis in the 20th century. It affected the whole western world, including New Zealand. It was the Great Depression of the 1930s that prompted the introduction of new initiatives in New Zealand's social security system. The Great Depression exposed the shortcomings of the national security and private assistance system, resulting in more people relying on charitable assistance, and the people hope that the government can make a difference. The Liberal government and the Labour government first responded and took a series of measures to provide security for the people, which finally promoted the promulgation of the social security act of 1938,KeyWords:29668,46258,609932,609933,EKeyWords:64900,46260,27630,609934,SubjectWords:,LiteratureId:13405024,Fileref:null,OrderFlag:0,IsLeaf:N,PubDate:null,FindDate:null,IssueDate:null,DocType:null,ProductSeries:null,Doi:null,InstanceID:0,MinNodeSearch:Y,XmlID:b120210701X20204663001_000_003,Prop1:null,Prop2:null,Prop3:null,prop4:null,AddUser:admin,AddTime:2021-07-20 12:39:11.0,ModifyUser:null,ModifyTime:2021-11-27 19:12:09.0,HitCount:24,ShowType:putong,LogoID:0,PdfID:13405026,DownCount:28,AuthorInfos:,BookPublishDate:2021-07-01 00:00:00.0,SearchTitle:1929~1939年新西兰社会保障法的产生,ISBN:978-7-5201-8617-9,BookTitle:新西兰社会保障制度,BookStatus:7,AllowDownload:Y,BookVersionNum:null,researchorg:null,CopyRightDate:null,ExcellentPeriod:null,PrizeLevel:null,IsExcellence:null,ContentClass:null,IsDisabled:N,SearchTitle_2:1929~1939年新西兰社会保障法的产生,_RowNo:4

CommonID:DIR_71727426,ID:13405028,SiteID:14,Type:chapter,Code:null,ParentId:0,InnerCode:684322,name:第四章 战时与战后新西兰社会保障制度的发展(1940—1969年),ShortName:,SubName:,EnTitle:,EnShortTitle:,EnSubTitle:,Level:0,BookId:13405011,AbstractCH:

1938年《社会保障法》颁布实施后的几十年里,新西兰社会保障制度发生了明显的变化,战争危机及二战结束后经济的快速发展都对社会保障制度产生了不可预测的挑战。

,AbstractEN:

In the decades after the promulgation and implementation of the social security act in 1938, the social security system of New Zealand has undergone obvious changes. The war crisis and the rapid economic development after World War II have posed unpredictable challenges to the social security system,KeyWords:29668,21895,609935,609936,EKeyWords:64900,29212,609937,70433,SubjectWords:,LiteratureId:13405027,Fileref:null,OrderFlag:0,IsLeaf:N,PubDate:null,FindDate:null,IssueDate:null,DocType:null,ProductSeries:null,Doi:null,InstanceID:0,MinNodeSearch:Y,XmlID:b120210701X20204663001_000_004,Prop1:null,Prop2:null,Prop3:null,prop4:null,AddUser:admin,AddTime:2021-07-20 12:39:11.0,ModifyUser:null,ModifyTime:2021-11-27 19:12:09.0,HitCount:16,ShowType:putong,LogoID:0,PdfID:13405029,DownCount:28,AuthorInfos:,BookPublishDate:2021-07-01 00:00:00.0,SearchTitle:1940~1969年战时与战后新西兰社会保障制度的发展,ISBN:978-7-5201-8617-9,BookTitle:新西兰社会保障制度,BookStatus:7,AllowDownload:Y,BookVersionNum:null,researchorg:null,CopyRightDate:null,ExcellentPeriod:null,PrizeLevel:null,IsExcellence:null,ContentClass:null,IsDisabled:N,SearchTitle_2:1940~1969年战时与战后新西兰社会保障制度的发展,_RowNo:5

CommonID:DIR_71727441,ID:13405031,SiteID:14,Type:chapter,Code:null,ParentId:0,InnerCode:684323,name:第五章 新西兰社会保障制度的慷慨发展阶段(1970—1983年),ShortName:,SubName:,EnTitle:,EnShortTitle:,EnSubTitle:,Level:0,BookId:13405011,AbstractCH:

进入20世纪70年代,《社会保障法》颁布实施已经30多年了,新西兰遵循西方世界的做法对社会保障制度的发展进行了重新的评估。1972年成立的皇家社会保障调查委员会重申了社会保障制度在资本主义世界的位置,并且声称没有人会因为贫穷而被排除在外。在20世纪70年代自信满满的情绪影响下,工党政府开始了自1938年《社会保障法》以来社会保障制度的最大扩张。

,AbstractEN:

In the 1970s, the social security law has been promulgated and implemented for more than 30 years. New Zealand followed the practice of the western world and reassessed the development of the social security system. The Royal social security investigation committee established in 1972 reaffirmed the position of the social security system in the capitalist world and claimed that no one would be excluded because of poverty. Under the influence of self-confidence in the 1970s, the labor government began the largest expansion of the social security system since the social security act of 1938,KeyWords:29668,21895,609938,114159,EKeyWords:64900,29212,609939,458108,SubjectWords:,LiteratureId:13405030,Fileref:null,OrderFlag:0,IsLeaf:N,PubDate:null,FindDate:null,IssueDate:null,DocType:null,ProductSeries:null,Doi:null,InstanceID:0,MinNodeSearch:Y,XmlID:b120210701X20204663001_000_005,Prop1:null,Prop2:null,Prop3:null,prop4:null,AddUser:admin,AddTime:2021-07-20 12:39:12.0,ModifyUser:null,ModifyTime:2021-11-27 19:12:09.0,HitCount:10,ShowType:putong,LogoID:0,PdfID:13405032,DownCount:29,AuthorInfos:,BookPublishDate:2021-07-01 00:00:00.0,SearchTitle:1970~1983年新西兰社会保障制度的慷慨发展阶段,ISBN:978-7-5201-8617-9,BookTitle:新西兰社会保障制度,BookStatus:7,AllowDownload:Y,BookVersionNum:null,researchorg:null,CopyRightDate:null,ExcellentPeriod:null,PrizeLevel:null,IsExcellence:null,ContentClass:null,IsDisabled:N,SearchTitle_2:1970~1983年新西兰社会保障制度的慷慨发展阶段,_RowNo:6

CommonID:DIR_71727455,ID:13405034,SiteID:14,Type:chapter,Code:null,ParentId:0,InnerCode:684324,name:第六章 新自由主义时期新西兰社会保障制度的激进变革(1984—1998年),ShortName:,SubName:,EnTitle:,EnShortTitle:,EnSubTitle:,Level:0,BookId:13405011,AbstractCH:

1984年以来主张削减社会保障支出、弱化政府角色、强化私有产权和自由竞争的新自由主义思想相继被一些西方资本主义国家所实践。新自由主义福利思想的特征是自由市场、改革税收、改革公共政策等。新自由主义思想以弗里德曼等经济学家为代表,对福利国家的发展及产生的问题进行了深刻的剖析。在新自由主义经济学家看来,原有的社会保障制度使人们养成了依赖政府的习惯,降低了人们工作的积极性,最终削弱了经济的发展,认为只有通过市场的力量,强化人们工作的责任才能解决福利国家的财政危机。这些观点为福利国家社会保障政策的调整提供了理论上的依据。

,AbstractEN:

Since 1984, neoliberalism, which advocates reducing social security expenditure, weakening the role of government, strengthening private property rights and free competition, has been practiced by some western capitalist countries. The characteristics of neoliberal welfare thought are free market, tax reform, public policy reform and so on. Neo liberalism, represented by economists such as Friedman, makes a profound analysis of the development and problems of the welfare state. In the view of Neo liberal economists, the original social security system makes people form the habit of relying on the government, reduces people's enthusiasm for work, and finally weakens economic development. They believe that only through the strength of the market and strengthening people's responsibility for work can we solve the financial crisis of the welfare country. These views provide a theoretical basis for the adjustment of social security policies in welfare states,KeyWords:29668,21895,609940,42579,609941,EKeyWords:64900,29212,609942,21161,609943,SubjectWords:,LiteratureId:13405033,Fileref:null,OrderFlag:0,IsLeaf:N,PubDate:null,FindDate:null,IssueDate:null,DocType:null,ProductSeries:null,Doi:null,InstanceID:0,MinNodeSearch:Y,XmlID:b120210701X20204663001_000_006,Prop1:null,Prop2:null,Prop3:null,prop4:null,AddUser:admin,AddTime:2021-07-20 12:39:12.0,ModifyUser:null,ModifyTime:2021-11-27 19:12:09.0,HitCount:6,ShowType:putong,LogoID:0,PdfID:13405035,DownCount:28,AuthorInfos:,BookPublishDate:2021-07-01 00:00:00.0,SearchTitle:1984~1998年新自由主义时期新西兰社会保障制度的激进变革,ISBN:978-7-5201-8617-9,BookTitle:新西兰社会保障制度,BookStatus:7,AllowDownload:Y,BookVersionNum:null,researchorg:null,CopyRightDate:null,ExcellentPeriod:null,PrizeLevel:null,IsExcellence:null,ContentClass:null,IsDisabled:N,SearchTitle_2:1984~1998年新自由主义时期新西兰社会保障制度的激进变革,_RowNo:7

CommonID:DIR_71727486,ID:13405037,SiteID:14,Type:chapter,Code:null,ParentId:0,InnerCode:684325,name:第七章 21世纪初期新西兰社会保障制度的发展(1999—2014年),ShortName:,SubName:,EnTitle:,EnShortTitle:,EnSubTitle:,Level:0,BookId:13405011,AbstractCH:

从20世纪末开始,“第三条道路”理论影响了西方各国的社会保障政策,“第三条道路”理论基本目的是为劳动力市场提供有知识有创造力的劳动者,发展知识经济。“第三条道路”理论对新西兰第五届工党政府和第五届国家党政府的社会保障改革产生了重要影响。

,AbstractEN:

Since the end of the 20th century, the "third way" theory has influenced the social security policies of western countries. The basic purpose of the "third way" theory is to provide knowledgeable and creative workers for the labor market and develop the knowledge economy“ The theory of "the third way" has had an important impact on the social security reform of the fifth Labour government and the Fifth National Party Government of New Zealand,KeyWords:29668,21895,609944,609941,305277,EKeyWords:64900,29212,609945,609943,463673,SubjectWords:,LiteratureId:13405036,Fileref:null,OrderFlag:0,IsLeaf:N,PubDate:null,FindDate:null,IssueDate:null,DocType:null,ProductSeries:null,Doi:null,InstanceID:0,MinNodeSearch:Y,XmlID:b120210701X20204663001_000_007,Prop1:null,Prop2:null,Prop3:null,prop4:null,AddUser:admin,AddTime:2021-07-20 12:39:12.0,ModifyUser:null,ModifyTime:2021-11-27 19:12:09.0,HitCount:18,ShowType:putong,LogoID:0,PdfID:13405038,DownCount:29,AuthorInfos:,BookPublishDate:2021-07-01 00:00:00.0,SearchTitle:1999~2014年新西兰社会保障制度的发展,ISBN:978-7-5201-8617-9,BookTitle:新西兰社会保障制度,BookStatus:7,AllowDownload:Y,BookVersionNum:null,researchorg:null,CopyRightDate:null,ExcellentPeriod:null,PrizeLevel:null,IsExcellence:null,ContentClass:null,IsDisabled:N,SearchTitle_2:1999~2014年新西兰社会保障制度的发展,_RowNo:8

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1938年《社会保障法》明确了国家满足个人需求的责任,尽管社会保障无法改变人们生活机会上的巨大差异,但是它对人们生活中可能遇到的最坏情况给予防范和保护,比私人慈善机构所能提供的保障更有尊严、更有规律和更负责任。自《社会保障法》颁布以来,成千上万的新西兰人获得了喘息的空间和安全感。

从社会保障制度建立开始,社会保障就推进了整个社会权利的共享和平等公民权的意识,来自所有工薪阶层的缴税又以福利的方式重新分配给有需要的工薪阶层和非工薪阶层(不考虑其社会贡献大小),这是新西兰社会保障制度有别于其他国家的地方,使贫穷的或没有工作的国民获得了尊严和制度的保护。拒绝建立社会保险模式是新西兰社会保障制度最重要的特征之一,在社会保障需求较高的年代,这种模式面临的最大挑战之一是不仅要维持社会保障的充分性,而且要确保受益人的尊严。

,AbstractEN:

The social security law of 1938 defines the responsibility of the state to meet individual needs. Although social security can not change the huge differences in people's life opportunities, it provides prevention and protection for the worst situations that people may encounter in life, which is more dignified, regular and responsible than the security provided by private charities. Since the enactment of the social security act, thousands of new Zealanders have gained breathing space and a sense of security < p > since the establishment of the social security system, social security has promoted the sharing of rights in the whole society and the awareness of equal citizenship. Taxes from all wage earners are redistributed to wage earners and non wage earners in need in the form of welfare (regardless of their social contributions), which is different from other countries in New Zealand's social security system, Poor or jobless nationals are protected by dignity and system. Refusing to establish a social insurance model is one of the most important features of New Zealand's social security system. In an era of high social security demand, one of the biggest challenges facing this model is not only to maintain the adequacy of social security, but also to ensure the dignity of beneficiaries,KeyWords:29668,21895,190603,609946,EKeyWords:64900,29212,190604,609947,SubjectWords:,LiteratureId:13405039,Fileref:null,OrderFlag:0,IsLeaf:Y,PubDate:null,FindDate:null,IssueDate:null,DocType:null,ProductSeries:null,Doi:null,InstanceID:0,MinNodeSearch:Y,XmlID:b120210701X20204663001_000_008,Prop1:null,Prop2:null,Prop3:null,prop4:null,AddUser:admin,AddTime:2021-07-20 12:39:12.0,ModifyUser:null,ModifyTime:2021-11-27 19:12:09.0,HitCount:14,ShowType:putong,LogoID:0,PdfID:13405041,DownCount:29,AuthorInfos:,BookPublishDate:2021-07-01 00:00:00.0,SearchTitle:新西兰社会保障制度研究结论,ISBN:978-7-5201-8617-9,BookTitle:新西兰社会保障制度,BookStatus:7,AllowDownload:Y,BookVersionNum:null,researchorg:null,CopyRightDate:null,ExcellentPeriod:null,PrizeLevel:null,IsExcellence:null,ContentClass:null,IsDisabled:N,SearchTitle_2:新西兰社会保障制度研究结论,_RowNo:9

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