哈萨克斯坦发展报告（2021）
中文摘要
《哈萨克斯坦发展报告（2021）》由西北大学中亚研究院、西北大学丝绸之路研究院和西北大学哈萨克斯坦研究中心组织专家学者撰写。本报告由总报告、分报告、专题篇、中哈关系篇和附录构成，系统梳理了2020年哈萨克斯坦的政治、经济、社会和外交状况，并汇总了2020年哈萨克斯坦的要闻。
社会层面，受新冠肺炎疫情影响，2020年是哈萨克斯坦非常困难的一年，原定的很多工作被迫停止，国家发展进程受阻。为抗击疫情，哈国采取较严格的封闭管理措施，这些措施在控制疫情的同时，对经济和社会发展也带来负面影响。哈国意识到仅靠本国力量难以抵抗疫情，在注意与周边国家协调的同时，尤其重视与俄、中、美等医疗卫生大国合作，积极争取大国的援助和支持。
政治层面，2020年，在领导抗击疫情的同时，托卡耶夫总统致力于建设“倾听型国家”，提高国民素质，实施渐进性政治改革，建立新型国家管理（治理）体系，落实行政改革。其中影响较大的政策如下：修改《政党法》；调整行政机构设置，设立总统直属的战略规划和改革署、竞争保护和发展署和最高改革委员会；实施《2020～2025年语言政策》，强化哈萨克语的国语地位；发展电子政务，设立“政府为商业服务”统一窗口；裁撤冗员，计划将国家公务员数量减少25%，节约财政资金，同时增加青年人和女性比重。
经济方面，2020年，受新冠肺炎疫情、外部需求大减和国际原油价格大跌诸多因素的影响，哈国经济陷入窘境。为稳定经济，哈国发布系统的“反危机计划”，共筹措资金4.4万亿坚戈（约合100亿美元），用于刺激企业发展和维护物价稳定。主要措施如下：保民生；努力救助企业；控制货币兑换，尽可能稳定汇率；力保油气开采量，防止量价齐跌；关注债市，防止企业资金链断裂，引发银行危机；实施工业和基础设施建设项目，刺激生产，增加就业。
外交方面，根据国内外形势变化，哈萨克斯坦2020年3月发布了指导未来十年外交工作的基本政策文件《哈萨克斯坦对外政策构想（2020～2030）》。2020年，哈俄关系继续走深走实；中哈关系继续巩固发展；哈与欧盟关系发展较顺利。2020年2月初，美国国务卿蓬佩奥访问中亚期间，发布美国新版“中亚战略”，美国选择在哈国宣布中亚新战略，足见对哈萨克斯坦的重视。不过，哈美在合作的同时，美国希望哈萨克斯坦充当“反华”前沿，使哈萨克斯坦陷入两难选择。
国家安全方面，2020年疫情期间，哈萨克斯坦国内安全形势十分严峻，恐怖主义和极端主义威胁不降反升，网络空间安全问题频发，跨国集团犯罪出现新变化，生物安全威胁上升。哈国政府针对比较突出的安全问题，采取了一系列应对措施，确保国家安全。
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