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欧洲移民发展报告(2022)

书 名: 欧洲移民发展报告(2022)
英 文 名: ANNUAL REPORT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN MIGRATION (2022)
作 者:  毛国民 刘齐生 柳玉臻
I S B N: 978-7-5228-1515-2
丛 书 名: 欧洲移民蓝皮书 订阅
关 键 词:  国际移民 欧洲 人口流动 “欧洲化”
出版日期: 2023-04-01

中文摘要

《欧洲移民发展报告(2022)》是广东外语外贸大学区域国别研究院国际移民研究中心(广东外语外贸大学与广东省民族宗教研究院共建)持续关注欧洲难民危机和移民发展的品牌性研究成果。除来自广东外语外贸大学“欧洲移民危机管理研究团队”和国内其他高校的研究人员,本书还邀请了欧洲高校的专家参与写作,从政治学、经济学、社会学和西方语言与文化进行多学科的综合研究。

自新冠疫情发生以来,欧洲的国际人口流动状况受到极大影响。相比于2020年,2021年的国际人口流动趋于恢复常态,特别是有长期居住意愿的移民,包括家庭团聚类、留学类和工作类移民的流动;但是短期内国际人口流动仍远远低于疫情发生前的水平;延续难民危机在2015年达到顶峰后逐渐缓解的趋势,难民庇护申请和审批通过数量虽然较2020年有显著增长,但较疫情发生前略有降低;疫情持续背景下非法进入或滞留的国际人口有显著增长。欧盟各国移民存量持续增加,获得居住国国籍的移民人口持续增长。

《欧洲移民发展报告(2022)》的主题为新冠疫情持续影响下的欧洲国际移民,包括1篇总报告、11篇区域国别报告、3篇专题报告及统计数据表和2021年欧洲移民大事记。

总报告侧重分析2021年欧洲移民的发展趋势和欧盟移民管理应对的策略及成效。研究认为受疫情持续的影响,尽管长期性移民流动在逐渐恢复,短期性移民流动还有待增长;欧洲的制造业在迅速反弹,但服务业恢复缓慢;移民劳动力失业率偏高,同时各国又存在一定的岗位空缺和劳动力短缺。在政治、经济、社会和国际合作上,欧盟和各成员国均遭遇难民和移民治理的困难。在外部环境上,欧洲不仅面临“波白边境事件”,还要面临因世界格局大变、各种地区与国家冲突与动荡加大而带来的新一轮难民潮。

区域国别报告选择了意大利、西班牙、希腊、法国、瑞士、奥地利、德国、荷兰、波兰、英国和瑞典作为研究重点,介绍了2021年这些国家移民发展和管理的最新状况,重点分析了持续的疫情对移民流动和移民融入的影响。各国数据和分析显示,2021年国际人口流动相比于2020年出现“弥补效应”,长期性移民流动基本恢复至疫情发生前水平;难民的规模在各国都有所减小,特别是在西班牙和希腊等“热点”国家;但非常规移民在意大利和法国增长明显。尽管各国均存在较高的失业率,岗位空缺问题也非常明显,特别是在医护行业和科技类行业。为恢复经济和推动经济的转型升级,法国推出“新创人才移民政策”,英国开始实施新移民政策。各国移民管理都强调推动移民在经济、文化、社会和政治领域的融入。

专题报告分别考察了疫情持续影响下移民状况的改变对欧洲政治、经济和社会的影响。为推动“欧洲化”,欧盟委员会希望通过“移民和难民一揽子新方案”来加强欧盟各国团结,然而目前收效甚微。在社会层面,由于人口流动和疫情的交织,难民和移民成为主流社会排斥和暴力攻击的对象,排外主义、种族主义重新在欧洲盛行。在经济层面,欧盟经济经历严重冲击后短暂反弹,再次面临经济恢复动力不足、国内失业率大幅上升、社会不平等加剧等问题,移民劳动力短缺和与劳动力市场不匹配现象明显。

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