欧洲移民发展报告（2022）
| 书 名： |
欧洲移民发展报告（2022） |
| 英 文 名： |
ANNUAL REPORT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN MIGRATION （2022）
|
| 作 者： |
毛国民 刘齐生 柳玉臻 |
| I S B N： |
978-7-5228-1515-2 |
| 丛 书 名： |
欧洲移民蓝皮书
订阅
|
| 关 键 词： |
国际移民 欧洲 人口流动 “欧洲化” |
| 出版日期： |
2023-04-01 |
中文摘要
《欧洲移民发展报告（2022）》是广东外语外贸大学区域国别研究院国际移民研究中心（广东外语外贸大学与广东省民族宗教研究院共建）持续关注欧洲难民危机和移民发展的品牌性研究成果。除来自广东外语外贸大学“欧洲移民危机管理研究团队”和国内其他高校的研究人员，本书还邀请了欧洲高校的专家参与写作，从政治学、经济学、社会学和西方语言与文化进行多学科的综合研究。
自新冠疫情发生以来，欧洲的国际人口流动状况受到极大影响。相比于2020年，2021年的国际人口流动趋于恢复常态，特别是有长期居住意愿的移民，包括家庭团聚类、留学类和工作类移民的流动；但是短期内国际人口流动仍远远低于疫情发生前的水平；延续难民危机在2015年达到顶峰后逐渐缓解的趋势，难民庇护申请和审批通过数量虽然较2020年有显著增长，但较疫情发生前略有降低；疫情持续背景下非法进入或滞留的国际人口有显著增长。欧盟各国移民存量持续增加，获得居住国国籍的移民人口持续增长。
《欧洲移民发展报告（2022）》的主题为新冠疫情持续影响下的欧洲国际移民，包括1篇总报告、11篇区域国别报告、3篇专题报告及统计数据表和2021年欧洲移民大事记。
总报告侧重分析2021年欧洲移民的发展趋势和欧盟移民管理应对的策略及成效。研究认为受疫情持续的影响，尽管长期性移民流动在逐渐恢复，短期性移民流动还有待增长；欧洲的制造业在迅速反弹，但服务业恢复缓慢；移民劳动力失业率偏高，同时各国又存在一定的岗位空缺和劳动力短缺。在政治、经济、社会和国际合作上，欧盟和各成员国均遭遇难民和移民治理的困难。在外部环境上，欧洲不仅面临“波白边境事件”，还要面临因世界格局大变、各种地区与国家冲突与动荡加大而带来的新一轮难民潮。
区域国别报告选择了意大利、西班牙、希腊、法国、瑞士、奥地利、德国、荷兰、波兰、英国和瑞典作为研究重点，介绍了2021年这些国家移民发展和管理的最新状况，重点分析了持续的疫情对移民流动和移民融入的影响。各国数据和分析显示，2021年国际人口流动相比于2020年出现“弥补效应”，长期性移民流动基本恢复至疫情发生前水平；难民的规模在各国都有所减小，特别是在西班牙和希腊等“热点”国家；但非常规移民在意大利和法国增长明显。尽管各国均存在较高的失业率，岗位空缺问题也非常明显，特别是在医护行业和科技类行业。为恢复经济和推动经济的转型升级，法国推出“新创人才移民政策”，英国开始实施新移民政策。各国移民管理都强调推动移民在经济、文化、社会和政治领域的融入。
专题报告分别考察了疫情持续影响下移民状况的改变对欧洲政治、经济和社会的影响。为推动“欧洲化”，欧盟委员会希望通过“移民和难民一揽子新方案”来加强欧盟各国团结，然而目前收效甚微。在社会层面，由于人口流动和疫情的交织，难民和移民成为主流社会排斥和暴力攻击的对象，排外主义、种族主义重新在欧洲盛行。在经济层面，欧盟经济经历严重冲击后短暂反弹，再次面临经济恢复动力不足、国内失业率大幅上升、社会不平等加剧等问题，移民劳动力短缺和与劳动力市场不匹配现象明显。
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