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民事裁定是我国《民事诉讼法》中出现频率高的专业词汇之一。民事裁定即民事程序性裁判，是在民事诉讼过程中，法院用以解决诉讼程序问题和涉及当事人部分实体权利义务关系的过渡性、中间性实体问题的权威性判定。民事裁定可做动态和静态两层理解。“就诉讼法学而言，经过立法、以条文形式固定下来的民事诉讼法律及规则无疑处于静态，而对静态的规则加以解释、适用、发展的行为自然可以说是动态的。动静态的结合，构成了诉讼本身。”动态意义的民事裁定是指法院为解决原被告双方存在的程序性争议，针对诉讼中的程序问题及部分实体问题所进行的司法裁判和职权断定活动，其是法院行使审判权的方式之一，是法院依审判权所实施的诉讼行为。静态意义上的民事裁定包括抽象和具体两个层面，在实践中两个层面意义的民事裁定经常混用，其意思和内容基本趋于一致。抽象层面的静态民事裁定是指民事程序性裁判这一诉讼行为所产生的法律效果。表达形式譬如，原告可以对一审不予受理的裁定提出上诉。具体层面的静态民事裁定是指民事裁定书，即法院对诉讼中的程序问题及部分实体问题审理结束后所制作的载有对相关问题处理结果的法律文书，其是法院意志的有形载体，是对法院所进行的相关诉讼活动及形成的诉讼结果的证明文件。

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裁判是法院行使公权力对案件进行判断的表现和结论，体现着法院的意思表示，是法院所实施的诉讼行为中最为重要的一种。“民事诉讼中的法院裁判，是指在两造审理的原则下，作为中立者的法官对诉讼双方当事人之间侵害或争议的存在与否及其性质归属，所作出的事实上的判断和法律上的评价，以及在此基础上形成的纠纷解决方案。”10996628

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民事裁定的形成是指本位民事裁定的产生过程，连续性和阶段性这两大民事诉讼基本规律充分体现其中。“正义不仅应得到实现，而且应当以人们能看得见的方式得以实现。”10996655民事裁定作为代表国家意志的权威性判定，是实施判断的权力主体、法律依据和正当过程等因素综合作用的结果。民事裁定的成立要件包括须由法定的法院和法官做出，有接受裁定的当事人存在，须采用法定形式和合法宣判。对法院做出各种民事裁定的过程进行司法化构建，对提升民事程序的公正与效率具有重要意义。“对于非讼程序，乃适用非讼法理；而诉讼事件则适用诉讼法理，此乃一般性之原则，学理上似亦可容许有部分例外。然而在民事诉讼中之裁定程序，又应适用何等法理？就此，对于其简速性而言，似较倾于非讼法理。”10996656

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民事裁定的形式即民事裁定的程式和载体，是民事裁定所依据的事实和理由、推理过程、结论及效力的表现方式。法官对程序性争议的内心解读和判断只有通过合理的渠道表现出来才能达到良好的效果，科学的载体是体现民事裁定效果的基本要素。

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民事裁定的救济是指某一司法机关对另一司法机关已经做出的程序性裁判给予肯定性或否定性评价。其中，肯定性评价是指对相关司法机关的诉讼行为及其决策予以维护，否定性评价是指对相关司法机关的诉讼行为及其决定予以撤销，要求其重新做出诉讼行为及决策并给予程序性制裁。“诉讼是要讲求效率的，如果所有的裁定均如同判决一样进行完善的程序保障，则必然影响诉讼进程。因此，对待裁定的救济制度应与判决有所区别。”10996770

民事裁定救济方式包含广义和狭义两种。广义的民事裁定救济措施涵盖补正与更正，狭义的民事裁定救济措施仅指更正，10996771补正和更正在性质上存在区别（见表4-1）。补正的特点在于快捷迅速，无须另行启动新的审判程序，属于审级内自我监督，其建立在既有裁定主体内容无误的基础上，只需对其进行补充和修正。更正是以新的审判程序来审查和判断既有裁定，针对的是民事裁定中可能存在的根本性错误。“凡是在宣判补正程序中提出的救济错误，承办法官没有纠正，致使这类错误是通过上诉或再审程序而得到纠正的，那么就可以认定承办案件的法官应承担枉法裁判的法律责任。”10996772

表4-1 民事裁定救济中补正与更正的比较

民事裁定的救济看似仅是一个简单的程序保障问题，实际上是一个系统工程，其涉及多种民事诉讼制度及其相互关系，有着重要的实际意义和较大的构建难度。民事裁定的救济直接关系着程序正义，也在一定程度上影响着实体正义的实现，是保障司法公正的重要途径和措施。“我国的司法实践中所反映出来的对诉讼程序的公然践踏已经使得对程序性违法的治理到了刻不容缓的地步。其中最为突出却至今未受到学术界和实践部门重视的问题，就是法官程序性违法的救济问题。”10996773我国现行法已规定诸多的民事裁定救济措施，然而现有救济措施看似种类丰富，实则适用范围狭窄，部分民事裁定的救济存在根本性缺乏；救济体系看似已然建立，实则各类救济措施彼此之间的依存关系稀疏，衔接混乱且漏洞频频，未能很好地发挥出救济本应起到的作用，急需进一步完善。民事裁定救济体系的构建在符合诉讼规律和诉讼基本原理的同时，还应符合我国当前审判现状和民众的司法观念，在以诉讼原理支撑和统领的基础上，注重制度设计的整体协调，切忌头痛医头、脚痛医脚。

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民事裁定的效力是指民事裁定依法做出后，在何时对何人何事所产生何样的法律拘束力。民事裁定效力的主观范围、时间范围和作用范围决定着其对诉讼的影响和其本身作用的发挥。

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CommonID:DIR_15350749,ID:5350749,SiteID:14,Type:chapter,Code:null,ParentId:0,InnerCode:164998,name:第六章 民事裁定的执行实施,ShortName:,SubName:,EnTitle:6 Enforcement of Civil Procedural Ruling,EnShortTitle:,EnSubTitle:,Level:0,BookId:5350184,AbstractCH:

民事裁定的执行实施是指依照民事裁定的内容发生某项法律上的效果。对民事裁定的实施非仅指对裁定的强制执行，依裁定的效力使得诉讼法律关系发生相关变化，亦属于裁定的实施范畴。现行法所规定的对民事裁定的实施是以“执行”代称的。譬如，《民事诉讼法》第116条规定：“拘传、罚款、拘留必须经院长批准。拘传应当发拘传票。罚款、拘留应当用决定书。对决定不服的，可以向上一级人民法院申请复议一次。复议期间不停止执行。”第199条规定：“当事人对已经发生法律效力的判决、裁定，认为有错误的，可以向上一级人民法院申请再审；当事人一方人数众多或者当事人双方为公民的案件，也可以向原审人民法院申请再审。当事人申请再审的，不停止判决、裁定的执行。”笔者认为，此时应不拘于文字意思而对“执行”做扩大解释，“执行”不是狭义的仅指对含有给付内容实体性裁定的强制执行，而是广义的对民事裁定内容的实现，包括对诉讼行为的强制实施。“当事人或诉讼关系人如应按裁定内容为一定之行为，或依裁定内容当然生某法律上之效果者，亦为广义之执行力。”10996865民事裁定的实施是受该裁定效力约束的主体的义务之所在，其既是当事人和相关诉讼参与人履行民事裁定的过程，也是法院保障法律落实的实现阶段，是民事裁定运行过程中的必需环节和最后环节，是法律威严的体现阶段，是当事人尊重法律的表现阶段。民事裁定只有在法律效力实现后，才能充分体现其在诉讼中的价值，才能达到调整诉讼和保护当事人诉讼权利的目的。

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“立法技术是立法活动中所遵循的用以促使立法臻于科学化的方法和操作技巧的总称。”10996879遍阅我国《民事诉讼法》，“裁定”作为出现频率和次数最高的专业术语之一，在诉讼过程中的功能发挥和价值体现将深受立法体例的影响。建立健全民事裁定立法体例是完善《民事诉讼法》所应加以注意和考虑的重要方面，以清晰、简约为外部特征的优化立法体例所欲追求的价值能最大限度实现立法者对该制度的设计初衷。

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