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民事诉前证据收集制度研究

书 名: 民事诉前证据收集制度研究
英 文 名: RESEARCH ON THE COLLECTION SYSTEM OF EVIDENCE BEFORE CIVIL LITIGATION
作 者: 许少波
I S B N: 978-7-5097-9512-5
丛 书 名: 华侨大学哲学社会科学文库·法学系列 订阅
关 键 词:  民事诉讼 证据收集 研究报告 中国
出版日期: 2016-09-01

中文摘要

诉前证据收集是当事人和法院存在法律上的利益时,在诉前向对方当事人或第三人收集证据的行为。在理论上,诉讼模式和诉讼理念的转变是诉前证据收集制度产生的根本,诉讼程序一体论从性质上肯定了诉前证据收集的合法性,诚实信用原则进一步论证了诉前证据收集乃至社会民事诉讼的伦理性和道义性,预防诉讼、避免诉讼、准备诉讼、促进诉讼则从未来方向上使诉前证据收集具有了可期待性、向往性。在法律上,民事诉讼法有关当事人收集证据权利的规定直接阐释了诉前证据收集的合法性和必要性。在实践上,世界性司法危机和司法改革孕育了诉前证据收集制度;现代型诉讼颠覆了传统的诉讼程序,使先行收集证据和确定案件事实具有了合理性和必要性;中国司法改革也对诉前证据收集提出了强烈诉求。

域外诉前证据收集的立法和制度实践可以抽象为两种模式,即当事人主导的诉前证据收集和法院主导的诉前证据收集。当事人主导的诉前证据收集的最大优势是尊重和承认当事人的程序主体权,但其容易造成诉讼迟延、司法资源浪费和诉讼的实质不公正。法院主导的诉前证据收集虽然能够弥补当事人收集证据能力的不足,保证证据收集的实效性,但也容易造成法官对案件事实和裁判结果的“先入为主”甚至恣意。在中国司法实践中,实际存在三种诉前证据收集类型。当事人自行性诉前证据收集虽然重要,但因其完全依靠当事人个人力量收集证据,预期效果很难保障。社会性诉前证据收集是我国传统和当下最主要的一种诉前证据收集方法,但其因制度设置中缺失否定性法律后果,有先天的软弱性。国家性诉前证据收集虽克服了前两种诉前证据收集刚性不足的弊端,但因其采用“证据保全”的特殊形式,能够发挥的作用也相当有限。

要完善中国的诉前证据收集制度,必须创设新的诉前证据收集类型。相对理智的选择是,创新我国现行的“当事人申请法院调查收集证据”制度,把时段从诉后延伸到诉前,从而使该项制度发展为当事人既可以在诉讼系属之后又可以在诉讼系属之前申请法院收集证据的制度。当事人申请法院诉前收集证据是当事人及其诉讼代理人收集证据和法院依职权调查收集证据的绝妙结合,是中国传统民事诉讼和证据收集制度“合理内核”的凝结和体现。实际上,当事人申请法院调查收集证据早已成为我国最具正当性、最具灵活性、最具实效性的证据收集手段。

增加当事人诉前申请法院调查收集证据类型的关键是确定申请条件。条件过于苛刻,制度设立的目的就无法实现。反之,又很有可能损害对方当事人或持有证据的第三人的正当权益。根据我国当事人诉后申请法院调查收集证据的条件,借鉴国外诉前证据收集的经验,当事人诉前申请法院调查收集证据,申请人必须有法律上的利益并排除与案件事实无关的证据申请,当然,当事人申请必须受费用制裁、罚款及不利裁判的制约。

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民事诉讼的运作,往往一边要解释和引用关涉系争法律关系的实体法,一边还要确定其所适用的对象事实,进而判定当事人讼争的法律上的权利义务关系。在这个推理的链条中,最关键的一步就是用证据证明案件对象事实的存在或不存在。这也正是证据裁判原则的“硬核”所在,即认定案件事实必须依凭证据,没有证据不能认定案件事实。因此,尽可能早地使当事人收集到裁判案件必需的证据就成为民事诉讼理论和实务必须直面的课题。

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概念是对社会状态的转述,是人类在对象性认识活动中所形成的基本范畴,是人类特有的思维逻辑的反映,是人类思维对普遍联系和发展的客观世界的规律性揭示,是一切理论研究和学科建构的出发点。对于概念的作用,波普尔称之为“本质主义” 的哲学学说的一部分。在他看来,按照本质主义,一个定义就是关于一事物的固有本质或本性的一个陈述,它们产生初始命题,这些命题不可能从其他命题推导出来,因而,它们形成每个论证的基础或者其基础的一部分。这样,它们也成为每门学科的基础。

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诉前证据收集是在世界性司法危机及司法改革的大势下产生的一项新制度。在哲理上,虽然存在就有其合理性,有果必有因,但要预判其生命力,评估其正当性,还必须对其产生和存在的根据作出客观的考证。本章内容主要从三个层面展开, 首先是试图在中外诉讼原理和证据理论的视域内对诉前证据收集的理论根基进行深入和系统的挖掘,以期建构诉前证据收集独立的理论体系;其次是努力在中国现行法律的框架内寻求诉前证据 收集的法律根据,意在说明中国开展诉前证据收集活动的合法性;最后是在中外社会实践变迁、现代型诉讼类型出现的背景下阐明诉前证据收集的实践根据,以此证成诉前证据收集的正当性。

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作为民事诉讼的一项重要内容,证据收集(包括诉前)也是在一定诉讼模式下发生的,也必然受到诉讼模式的影响。在诉讼法学理论界,一般以法院与当事人在民事诉讼中何者具有决定诉讼实体内容的支配权为标准,将民事诉讼模式区分为当事人主义和职权主义两种基本类型。根据当事人和法院在诉前证据收集中的地位和作用不同,可以将民事诉前证据收集抽象为两种模式:一是由当事人主导的诉前证据收集模式;二是由法 院主导的诉前证据收集模式。在制度实践中,采用这两种诉前证据收集模式的代表性国家分别是英国和美国、德国和日本。

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通过前述内容,在已对诉前证据收集模式作出一定讨论之后,我们的思维就会不自觉地往前走下去追问:中国的诉前证据收集属于其中的哪一种模式,或者是第三种模式? 因此,我们有必要具体探讨中国的诉前证据收集有哪些类型,中国已有的诉前证据收集类型是否属于本书拟研究的诉前证据收集的范畴,中国现行的诉前证据收集机制是否需要改进。

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前文内容已经把我们引入这样一个境地,即诉前证据收集在世界范围内作为一项新产生的制度,有其深厚的理论基础、法律和社会根基,中国现有的诉前证据收集类型或者是因为缺失法律保障,或者是因为设立目的之不同而无法发挥正面收集证据的功能,因此,探索正面的诉前证据收集制度已势在必行。关键的问题是:适合中国实际的、直接的、正面的诉前 证据收集制度是什么样态的?前文述及的两种诉前证据收集模式能否直接为我们借鉴所用?中国现有的诉前证据收集类型如何对待?有无新的诉前证据收集类型可考虑增设?如果有的话,其具体的形式、范围和条件是什么?诸如此类问题是研究我国诉前证据收集必须解决的。本部分内容拟以这些问题的解决为线索展开讨论。

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CommonID:DIR_17370360,ID:7370360,SiteID:14,Type:chapter,Code:null,ParentId:0,InnerCode:200394,name:结论,ShortName:,SubName:,EnTitle:Conclusion,EnShortTitle:,EnSubTitle:,Level:0,BookId:7370076,AbstractCH:

证据收集问题在学理上一直未得到应有的重视,一方面与“证据收集” 被长期隐形于“证据调查”的躯体内有关,人们总是用证据调查取代证据收集;另一方面又与“证据收集”总是被辩论主义和证明责任原理下的“证据提供”遮断受关注的视线相牵连,似乎证据提供就意味着证据收集。事实上,证据收集是一个独立的概念,是与证据调查、证据提 供极易混淆、很难辨明但又必须加以区别的概念。证据收集意在取得证据,证据提供重在向法院提交证据,证据调查则指向审查证据。在逻辑 上,收集证据与证据调查和提供证据的顺序应当是收集证据—提供证据—证据调查,前者依次是后者的前提和基础,后者则是前者正常的逻辑后果。可见,三者既有密切联系,又有明显区别,不容混淆。

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CommonID:DIR_17370367,ID:7370367,SiteID:14,Type:chapter,Code:null,ParentId:0,InnerCode:200395,name:附录1 论民事起诉前之证据收集,ShortName:,SubName:,EnTitle:Appendix 1:Proof Collecting Before the Civil Litigation,EnShortTitle:,EnSubTitle:,Level:0,BookId:7370076,AbstractCH:

为应对司法危机,诉前证据收集已成为世界性课题。诉前证据收集的指导理念是实质公正,诉讼程序一体论、诚实信用论、诉讼预防论及诉讼程序促进论则构成了诉前证据收集的基本理由。诉前证据收集是存在风险的,基于对申请人利益与被申请人利益、本案利益与案外利益、当事人利益与法院利益、当事人私益与社会公益平衡保护的考量,妥适的做法是通过法院在诉前收集证据,并将其条件设定为有利于预防诉讼和减免诉讼,以及裁判案件需要的关键性证据。

,AbstractEN:

When facing the judicial crisis,pretrial collecting proof has been a worldwide problem. The guide theory of pretrial collecting proof is the substantial justice,and the building blocks of pretrial collecting proof are the concepts of legal proceedings unification,good faith,prevent from litigation and promote proceedings. Pretrial collecting proof does have some risks. In order to think about the benefits between applicant and respondent,in and out of judicial cases,parties and courts,the proper solution is collecting proof before trial through the court,and setting the conditions to prevent,reduce and remit litigation,as well as the critical evidence of the case.

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School of Law of Huaqiao University,Quanzhou 362021,China

"}},BookPublishDate:2016-09-01 00:00:00.0,SearchTitle:论民事起诉前之证据收集,ISBN:978-7-5097-9512-5,BookTitle:民事诉前证据收集制度研究,BookStatus:7,AllowDownload:Y,BookVersionNum:null,researchorg:null,CopyRightDate:null,ExcellentPeriod:null,PrizeLevel:null,IsExcellence:null,ContentClass:null,IsDisabled:N,SearchTitle_2:论民事起诉前之证据收集,_RowNo:13
CommonID:DIR_17370384,ID:7370384,SiteID:14,Type:chapter,Code:null,ParentId:0,InnerCode:200396,name:附录2 诉前证据保全之适用,ShortName:,SubName:,EnTitle:Appendix 2:The Application of Pretrial Evidence Preservation,EnShortTitle:,EnSubTitle:,Level:0,BookId:7370076,AbstractCH:

诉前证据保全与诉讼中的证据保全相比,诉前证据保全在功能上更加强调确定事实、促进诉讼、预防诉讼和减免诉讼的功能;在条件上要求存在更加紧急的情况;在程序上必须由利害关系人提出申请,法院不得依职权适用;在程序保障上要求更多地考量对被申请人程序权利和程序利益的保护。我国《民事诉讼法》增设诉前证据保全是一个新的突破,但在类型上仍属于传统证据保全的范畴。面对社会转型、社会矛盾和纠纷解决的巨大压力,实现我国证据保全制度现代性转型是我们必须完成的任务,也是适用诉前证据保全的一个重要指导。

,AbstractEN:

Compared with the evidence preservation in litigation,pretrial evidence preservation functionally put much emphasis on the establishment of facts,promotion of litigation,prevention of litigation and remission of litigation;conditionally requires the existence of a more urgent situation;procedurally requires the application only from the interested party,which means the court cannot initiatively apply it;and in procedural safeguard,it requires more consideration to the protection of the interests of the applicant’s procedural rights and interests. The new establishment of pre-trial evidence preservation is considered as a new breakthrough in China’s civil procedure law,though it still belongs to the category of traditional evidence preservation. In the face of the great pressure generated by the social transformation,social conflicts and dispute resolution,the modern transformation of the evidence preservation system is an urgent task for us to finish and also an important guide for the application of pre-trial evidence preservation.

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School of Law of Huaqiao University,Quanzhou 362021,China

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CommonID:DIR_17370413,ID:7370413,SiteID:14,Type:chapter,Code:null,ParentId:0,InnerCode:200397,name:附录3 民事诉讼证据交换制度的立法探讨,ShortName:,SubName:,EnTitle:Appendix 3:Legislation Discussing of Evidence Exchange System in Civil Procedure,EnShortTitle:,EnSubTitle:,Level:0,BookId:7370076,AbstractCH:

证据交换的正当性虽然无可置疑,但其被规避适用是实务中的普遍现象。设置证据交换制度有诉讼效率的考量,但其首要的价值目标是公平和公正。审判效率得以提高的秘密不在于证据交换本身,而在于证据交换制度所依存的具有不可逆性的二元性诉讼结构。在制度层面上,司法解释与《民事诉讼法》的不兼容及司法解释技术自身的问题应当予以检讨。完整的具有实效性和可操作性的证据交换规则的确立包括两个大的方面:一是包含有实体性因素的证据交换规则;二是包含有程序性因素的证据交换规则。

,AbstractEN:

Althought the legitimation of evidence exchange does not be doubted,it is commom that the evidence exchange does not be used. Efficency is under consideration in making evidence exchange,but its first valuable object is fairness and legitimation. The secret of improving efficency is not in evidence exchange,but in the irreversibility and duality of procedure structure that the system of evidence exchange lies in. In institution aspect,judicatory explanation and civil procedure law is not compatible. Judicatory explanation technology also has problems. They must be criticized. Making the whole efficient and pratical evidence exchange rules must include two aspects:The first is evidence exchange rules that has entity factors The second is evidence exchange rules that has procedure factors.

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School of Law of Huaqiao University,Quanzhou 362021,China

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