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中国经验与北京模式

书 名: 中国经验与北京模式
英 文 名: China’s Experience and Beijing Model in Sustainable Development
作 者:  王玉海 程连升 魏伟郭兴华
I S B N: 978-7-5097-1920-6
丛 书 名: 北京师范大学资源经济与政策研究中心,北京师范大学资源学院研究系列/资源经济与管理丛书 订阅
关 键 词:  技术革新 区域经济 可持续发展 北京市
出版日期: 2011-01-01

中文摘要

人口多、资源缺乏、经济基础薄弱的现实国情,使中国缺乏高耗高排为特征的粗放式发展的条件。北京市在实施可持续发展战略的过程中,重点是要走新型工业化道路,关键是要突出科技创新和科技服务的支持作用。落实科学发展观就必须提高对科技工作的认识,重视科技对资源开发与环境保护的作用机制

为了梳理我国可持续发展战略的实施情况,总结科技创新与进步对区域可持续发展能力的贡献,本书重点选择了北京市可持续发展能力建设的典型做法和案例进行研究,力求在政策介绍和经验分析的基础上,对科技部门推动区域可持续发展的热点难点问题进行理论升华。

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CommonID:DIR_17877197,ID:14757450,SiteID:14,Type:chapter,Code:null,ParentId:0,InnerCode:209429,name:第一章 中国可持续发展战略的提出和探索历程,ShortName:,SubName:,EnTitle:,EnShortTitle:,EnSubTitle:,Level:0,BookId:7877191,AbstractCH:

发展观是一定时期经济社会发展需求在思想观念层面的聚焦和反映,是一个国家或地区在发展进程中对怎样发展和为谁发展的总的和系统的看法。有什么样的发展观,就会有什么样的发展道路、发展模式和发展略,就会对发展的实践产生根本性、全局性的重大影响。

可持续发展在内涵上具有多维性,对它的阐述可以有不同的角度,一般认为可持续发展是既满足当代人的要求,又不对后代人满足其需求的能力构成危害的发展。

我国作为世界最大的发展中国家,特殊的国情、特殊的现代化建设道路与任务,还有特殊的国际环境,决定了我们只能走可持续发展道路,决定了我们的发展战略只能是可持续发展战略。

中国政府确立了科学发展、和谐发展的战略思想,坚持经济发展与人口、资源、环境相协调,坚持推进经济增长方式的根本性转变。

,AbstractEN:

Development view is a certain economic and social development during the period of the focus and reflect on the level of demand in the ideological concept, is a country or a region in the development process of how to develop and for whom the development of the overall and systematic view. What kind of development view, can have what kind of development path and mode of development and slightly, would have a fundamental for the development of practice, the significant influence of overall importance.

On the connotation of sustainable development has multidimensional nature, can have different point of view, to its sustainable development is widely regarded as meet the requirements of modern people, is the ability of future generations to meet their demand for the development of the hazards.

As the world's largest developing country in our country, special national condition, special modernization road and task, and special international environment, decided the sustainable development path, we can go to the our development strategy can be a sustainable development strategy.

The Chinese government has established the strategic thought of scientific development, harmonious development, adhere to the economic development and population, resources and environment in harmony, adhere to promote the fundamental shift of economic growth pattern.

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星火计划是经党中央国务院批准于1986年实施的第一个依靠科学技术促进农村经济发展的计划,是我国国民经济和科技发展计划的重要组成部分。其宗旨是:把先进适用的技术引向农村,引导亿万农民依靠科技发展农村经济,促进农村的科技进步,提高农村劳动生产率,推动农业和农村经济持续、快速、健康发展。

作为改革开放的探索和实践,火炬计划实施20年来,为推动中国科技体制改革和经济体制改革,促进科技与经济结合,探索中国高新技术产业化之路,营造良好的创新创业环境,做出了重要贡献,成为我国高新技术产业化的一面旗帜,在中国科技、经济和社会发展进程中发挥了重要的支撑和引领作用。

伴随火炬计划成长起来的企业家们坚持以市场需求为导向,以经济效益为中心,以忠于客户为职业操守,牢固树立竞争意识、法治意识和用户至上意识,弘扬诚实守信、服务社会的理念,从而推动了我国创新创业文化的建设和发展。

,AbstractEN:

Spark plan is approved by the central committee of the state council in 1986 to implement the first rely on science and technology plan, to promote the development of rural economy is our country an important part of the plan for national economic and technological development. The aim is: to advanced applicable technology to the countryside, lead hundreds of millions of farmers rely on science and technology development of rural economy, promote the rural science and technology progress, improve the rural labor productivity, promote the sustainable, rapid and healthy development of agriculture and rural economy.

As the exploration and practice of reform and opening up, the torch plan for 20 years, in order to promote China's science and technology system reform and the reform of economic system, to promote science and technology and economic union, explore a road to Chinese industrialization of high and new technology, and create a good environment for innovation entrepreneurship, made an important contribution to become a flag of high and new technology industrialization in China, in the process of China's science and technology, economic and social development has played an important role in supporting and leading.

Have grown up with the torch plan of entrepreneurs to adhere to the market demand as the guidance, taking economic benefits as the center, to loyal to their customers for professional ethics, firmly establish a sense of competition, the rule of law and the user supreme, carry forward the concept of honest and trustworthy, to serve the society, so as to promote the construction and development of innovative entrepreneurial culture in our country.

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在市场经济中,促进科技进步与创新的主要力量是企业,主要机制是市场,政府在其中只能起到拾遗补缺的作用,即市场和企业无法做到的,才能由政府去做。

在公有制经济与科技为体的前提下,建立多种所有制经济与科技企业、研究体系,以风险投资、同享国民待遇等一系列制度保障和政策,加快民营科研机构和科技型中小企业的培育和发展,这是一项基础性的制度建设。科技发展与经济发展所需要的制度实际上是共同的,其中最主要的制度是产权的明晰和利益的保护。

现代信息互联网已经成为人们沟通和联系的一个重要资源,正逐步深入到千家万户。近年来,大多数县市都加快了信息平台的建设,将其作为促进本地科技进步的一项基础性工程。

近年来,虽然许多地区在探索科技工作新模式、新机制上取得了多方面进展,但对大多数地区来说,县市科技制度创新的条件和环境不足,意识比较淡薄,机制缺陷问题仍然相当突出。

,AbstractEN:

In a market economy, promote scientific and technological progress and innovation enterprise is the main force, is the main mechanism of the market, in which the government can only play the role of gleaning, namely the market and the enterprise cannot do, to do by the government.

In the public sector of the economy and science and technology as the premise of establishing a multi-ownerships economic and science and technology enterprises, the research system, risk investment, and enjoy national treatment and a series of system guarantee and policy, to speed up the private institutions and the development of technology-based smes, it is a basic system construction. The system of technological development and economic development is in fact common, and the main system is the clarity of property rights and the protection of interests.

The modern information Internet has become an important resource for people to communicate and contact, and it is getting into the millions of households. In recent years, most counties and cities have accelerated the construction of information platforms as a basic project to promote local scientific and technological progress.

In recent years, although many areas in the exploration work on the new pattern, the mechanisms of science and technology has made progress in many aspects, but for most areas, counties and cities of system innovation of science and technology condition and environment, consciousness is weak, mechanism defects is still quite prominent.

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20世纪90年代以来,在城市化、工业化的大背景下,中国的可持续发展面临着双重约束,首先是摆脱贫困的问题,其次要面临传统增长方式引起的资源环境问题的钳制。

在中国,可持续发展实验最大的内容就是对实现经济增长方式变革的尝试,这种尝试以地方政府自觉实践为主导,这是中国实践可持续发展的显著特点。一方面,地方政府官员在行政系统中进行着政绩比较;另一方面,以地方利益为核心不同行政单元进行着地方政府间的竞争。

在中国的可持续发展实验中,突出强调了科技的支撑作用,科技项目起到了引领作用,许多实验都是借助科技项目展开的,因而科技部门承担了组织管理和协调的主要任务。然而,可持续发展战略的实施是一个系统工程,涉及的内容任务多,牵涉的职能部门广,从而多部门协调联动的体制机制就成为国家组织管理可持续发展实验的基础。

各地实验区按照可持续发展的要求,坚持“综合规划、重点突破,科技引导、机制创新,自主建设、突出特色,协调联动、公众参与”的原则开展工作,在人口、资源、环境和谐发展,经济、社会、生态共同进步等方面进行了积极的探索与实践,形成了不同类型的可持续发展模式,为不同类型地区的可持续发展提供了工作示范。

,AbstractEN:

Since the 1990 s, under the background of urbanization, industrialization and sustainable development of China is facing double constraints, the first is to get rid of poverty problem, second to face the traditional growth pattern of resources and environment problems caused by the muzzle.

In China, the sustainable development of the biggest the contents of the experiment is to attempt to achieve economic growth mode transformation, this kind of try to consciously practice of local government as the leading factor, it is significant for the sustainable development of China's practice. On the one hand, local government officials make a comparison in the administrative system. On the other hand, local government competition is carried out by local interest.

In the sustainable development of China's experiments, highlighted the supporting role of science and technology, science and technology project has played a leading role, many experiments are using science and technology project, and science and technology department responsible for the main task of the organization management and coordination. However, the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development is a systematic project, involving the contents of the task, the functional departments involved, thereby multisectoral coordination mechanism of system as the foundation of national sustainable development organization management experiment.

Around the experimental area in accordance with the requirements of sustainable development, adhere to the "comprehensive planning, the key breakthrough, guiding, mechanism of science and technology innovation, the independent construction, the prominent characteristic, coordination linkage, public participation" the principle of work, in the harmonious development of population, resources, environment, economy, society and ecological progress together and so on has carried on the positive exploration and practice, formed the different types of sustainable development model, to work on different types of regional sustainable development provides the demonstration.

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北京作为中国的首都,面临着人口规模庞大,城市容量负荷高,能源、土地和水资源匮乏,交通拥堵,环境污染和生态脆弱等诸多严峻挑战。

北京市新选18个乡镇的可持续发展示范,其模式我们分两个层面进行分析介绍,一是立足于全市范围的分类概括,二是就具体发展模式的特点进行总结。希望由此得出北京市可持续发展新模式宏观与微观的全面认识。本节我们着重从宏观层次予以介绍。

北京市不同层面特色鲜明的可持续发展模式逐渐引起人们的关注,尽管这些模式可能还有待进一步概括总结,现今成型的模式也还有待完善,或者这些模式的普适性价值还有待实践检验,但不管怎样,这样的探索已在各个区县乡镇的层面推展开来,汇聚形成北京市可持续发展实验的可喜图景。

北京市科委针对基层可持续发展面临的问题,以科技引导示范、开展能力建设和进行机制创新等为主要内容的工作模式,从多年的实践效果看,这些实验区的建设思路和做法是富有成效的。

,AbstractEN:

Beijing as the capital of China, facing the huge population, city high load capacity, energy, land and water resources shortage, traffic congestion, environmental pollution and ecological fragile, and many other serious challenges.

The sustainable development of Beijing's new selected 18 villages and towns demonstration, we can offer the pattern analysis is introduced in two dimensions, one is based on the classification of the citywide summary, 2 it is to summarize the characteristics of the specific development model. It is hoped that this results in a comprehensive understanding of the macro and micro of the new model of sustainable development in Beijing. In this section we will focus on the macro level.

The sustainable development of the different levels of Beijing characteristic patterns gradually aroused people's concern, although these patterns may remains to be further summarization, now forming model is also remains to be perfect, or the mode of universal value remains to be practical, but anyway, this exploration has promote the level of each area county township, form a sustainable development of Beijing experiment of encouraging picture.

Beijing science and technology commission for sustainable development are faced with the problem at the grassroots level to guide of science and technology demonstration, conducting ability construction and mechanism innovation as the main content of work patterns, such as from years of practice, the thoughts and methods for the construction of the experimental area is fruitful.

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北京市推动区域可持续发展的探索实验,一个突出特点是实验区建设的中心下移较早,体现出可持续发展实验活动的平衡性和特色性。

月坛街道可持续发展实验走的是内源化道路,注重主体功能区划的分工特点,把可持续发展工作深化到人本身,通过体制创新实现辖区资源的有效整合和高效利用。依托社区,整合资源,实现共享,同时充分发挥了政府在社区建设中的调控、指导作用,为社区社会化管理开辟了有效途径。

北京市科委在实验区建设过程中,针对基层可持续发展面临的问题,初步形成了一套符合北京市特色的实验区建设思路,形成了以科技引导示范、开展能力建设和进行机制创新等为主要内容的工作模式。通过实施可持续发展战略,经济保持快速增长、社会和谐稳定,生态环境明显改善,市政基础实施和新农村建设成效显著。从多年的实践效果看,这些实验区建设思路和做法富有成效,值得推广。

,AbstractEN:

Beijing to promote regional sustainable development of exploring experiment, a prominent feature is the center of the construction of experimental area down earlier, reflects the sustainable development of balance and characteristic of experimental activities.

20:30 liu jianhua calls street sustainable development experimental endogenous mineralization of the road, pay attention to the characteristics of labor division, main function division deepening sustainable development work to the people themselves, through system innovation to realize jurisdiction effective integration and utilization of resources. Relying on the community, the integration of resources, realize the share, at the same time, give full play to the government regulation, guiding role in the community construction, opens a effective way for the socialization of community management.

Beijing science and technology commission in the process of construction of experimental area, in view of the basic problems of sustainable development, initially formed a set of accord with the characteristics of the experimental area of thinking in Beijing, formed by the science and technology demonstration, conducting capacity building and innovation of mechanism as the main content of the work mode. By implementing sustainable development strategy, maintaining rapid economic growth, social harmony and stability, obviously improved the ecological environment, municipal infrastructure and the effect was obvious in the new rural construction. From years of practice, these experimental areas are worth promoting, and they are worth spreading.

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北京市不仅要依靠科技进步,还要依靠机制创新和制度建设,全面提高实验区可持续发展能力,探索不同类型地区的经济、社会和人口、资源、环境协调和持续发展的机制和模式。

为了缓解经济快速发展所带来的生态与资源压力,解决城市化加快与社会发展的不平衡矛盾,北京市科委实施科技创新工程和科技主题计划,进行可持续发展实验区建设,取得了显著成绩,探索了工作模式。但是,作为中国首都的北京市,经济社会可持续发展的能力并不强,区域的可持续发展仍然面临着许多难以摆脱的瓶颈约束。

北京市可持续发展实验工作模式的调整要顺应北京市经济社会发展的趋势。纵观北京市的发展形势,涉及可持续发展的主要有三个方面:一是产业发展上的生产性服务业发展势,相应的在产业发展定位上就要进行调整;二是跨行政区域可持续发展趋势,这意味着可持续发展不仅要在单一行政单元范围内实施,还要跨行政范围实施;三是专业化功能区可持续发展趋势,这是指城区更多的将形成功能性街道,是可持续发展适应专业化集聚化的要求的表现。

可持续发展工作体制与运行机制的探索与培育是实验区建设的重点和难点。各乡镇街道实验区要在工作中积极探索,不断总结实践经验,形成符合可持续发展要求、有利于乡镇经济社会各项事业可持续发展的发展机制和实验区工作体制。

,AbstractEN:

Beijing is not only to rely on scientific and technological progress, but also rely on mechanism innovation and the system construction, comprehensive improve the ability of sustainable development of the experimental area, the exploration of different types of region economy, society and population, resources, environment coordination and sustainable development mechanism and model.

In order to alleviate ecology and resources pressure brought by the rapid economic development, solve the imbalance in urbanization speed up with the development of the society, the Beijing municipal science and technology commission of science and technology innovation and subject of science and technology plan, construction of experimental area for sustainable development, has achieved remarkable results, explore the working mode. But, as China's capital Beijing, economic and social sustainable development ability is not strong, the sustainable development of the region still face many difficult to get rid of the bottleneck of constraints.

The adjustment of the Beijing sustainable development experiment mode should follow the trend of Beijing's economic and social development. Throughout the development situation of Beijing, relating to the sustainable development mainly has three aspects: one is the industrial development of producer services development potential, the corresponding will be adjusted on industry development orientation; Second, the trend of sustainable development across administrative regions means that sustainable development should be carried out not only within the scope of a single administrative unit, but also across administrative boundaries. Three is specialized functional areas sustainable development trend, this means more will form functional urban streets, is to adapt the request of specialization agglomeration sustainable development performance.

The exploration and cultivation of the sustainable development working system and operation mechanism are the key points and difficulties in the construction of the experimental area. Active exploration in the township streets experimental area to work, unceasingly summarizes practical experience, forms meet the requirements of sustainable development, is conducive to the sustainable development of rural economic and social undertakings development mechanism and experimental work system.

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鉴于目前我国人口、资源、环境形势依然严峻,地区间发展条件和发展水平差异很大,地方可持续发展问题和战略需求呈现多样化的趋势。理清可持续发展工作中存在问题的原因,掌握当下和今后实验区新建设的难点,找到科学发展的出路,仍是我们的艰巨任务。

循环经济是实施可持续发展战略的实践模式,对建设资源节约型和境友好型社会,走新型工业化道路,意义重大。但由于理论及认识上的不足,我国循环经济的试验走得异常艰难。

中央提出并积极贯彻以人为本的科学发展观,以及建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会等一系列新方略后,既为区域可持续发展实验拓展空间、丰富内涵、创新机制、加快发展创造了舆论氛围与政策支持,也对国家可持续发展战略的深入实施提出了新的要求。

科技渗入中国农业的步伐加快,保障农业生产取得了巨大的成就,但伴随而至的白色污染、农药滥用、土壤板结、水土流失、食品毒化等显性危机,不但阻碍了农业本身的发展,还影响到国土安全及其后代的生存发展。

,AbstractEN:

Given the population, resources and environment in our country the situation is still grim, regional development condition and development level difference is very big, the local sustainable development issues and strategic needs of diversified trend. Clarify the reason of the problem existing in the work of sustainable development, grasp the present and the future of the construction of the experimental area of new difficulties, find a way out of the scientific development, is our task.

The circular economy is the practice of implementing sustainable development strategy mode, to construct a resource-conserving and environment friendly society, take a new road to industrialization, is of great significance. However, due to the deficiency of theory and cognition, the experiment of circular economy in China has been very difficult.

The central proposed and actively implement the people-oriented scientific outlook on development, and build a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society, and a series of new strategies, both experiment to expand space for regional sustainable development, rich connotation, innovation mechanism, speed up the development to create the atmosphere of public opinion and policy support, and to implement sustainable development strategy of the country put forward the new requirements.

Science and technology into the acceleration of China's agriculture, protection of agricultural production has obtained great achievement, but with the white pollution, pesticides abuse, compaction, soil erosion, food poisoning, such as dominant crisis, not only hindered the development of agriculture itself, also affect the survival and development of homeland security and their offspring.

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