In 2020，China won a comprehensive victory in the campaign against poverty，and China ended absolute poverty historically. In the new journey of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way，the governance of relative poverty has become a new focus. By analyzing the data of the 2021 Chinese Social Survey （CSS） and combining the data of the past three rounds of surveys，it is found that the scale of households of relative poverty in China is relatively large at this stage，which is mainly distributed in the rural areas and the urban fringe areas. These families are highly dependent on agricultural income and transfer income，the consumption structure is not conducive to the development of human capital，and there is a certain degree of social deprivation and relatively negative social mentality among family members. On this basis，suggestions are put forward to reduce the proportion of agricultural employment in the rural revitalization strategy，improve the ability of employment and cultivate human capital，promote the equalization of social security and basic public services between urban and rural areas，and strengthen the social，political and cultural construction at grass-roots communities.