明初行政体制改革的逻辑
| 书 名： |
明初行政体制改革的逻辑 |
| 英 文 名： |
THE LOGIC OF ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM REFORM IN THE EARLY MING DYNASTY
|
| 作 者： |
张树旺 |
| I S B N： |
978-7-5097-9819-5 |
| 关 键 词： |
行政管理 政治体制改革 研究 中国 明代 |
| 出版日期： |
2017-01-01 |
中文摘要
本书通过分析方孝孺的殉难过程，认为方孝孺之死与其他壬午殉难者最大的不同之处在于方孝孺是死于固守信念。本书通过考证“是”字与“成仁取义”的内在联系，来证实方孝孺早已坚定了誓死的信念。这是“读书种子”的“圣人之心”在政治专制主义急剧上升时期激烈地批评时政、改造社会的结果。
本书还分析了方孝孺所誓死之理想的主要内容，即其君道思想。方孝孺的设君之道是从天人合一处着眼的。他认为人天生就有智力上的差异，这是出现社会不平等的根源。然天意并非如此。天设君为公。所以方孝孺继承儒家传统中的民本论，以民来界定君之职责。他认为君主的职责在于公平、善性等诸价值领域，君权的行使是为了养民，君主不得与民争利。
方孝孺由现实的君主现象出发，做出君主是为自己私利自营的假设，所以他主张制约君权。他认为革命是现实政治中对君主的限制手段，但只能对“非正统”之君才可使用。方孝孺重视儒学道统论对君主的限制，创造了自己的正统论，对君主权位的取得、使用和继承提出了一系列的限制。限于革命、儒家道统论两种措施的限制力度不足，方孝孺力图创制一种制度以让士民自求幸福，脱离君主的危害。
方孝孺的思想在明清时期有着深远的影响。本书通过比较方孝孺与黄宗羲二人的思想，说明方孝孺与黄宗羲思想之间的亲缘关系。其一，在立君本意上，方孝孺与黄宗羲都认为立君为公为民。方孝孺、黄宗羲批判君主的现实力量在于他们认定的人自私自利的自然权利。其二，他们都认定现实君主的本性是自私的，应该对其进行制约，都主张宰相分权。其三，他们主张在公论的基础上，立法为天下之民，反对代表一家一姓的自私之法。
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