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历史学家和经济学家一样，他们对构造有关过去的模型存在一个不可逾越的“心理”障碍，那就是：所有人几乎都永远相信，过去的经济制度是“无效率的”，这是这种制度消亡的终极原因。作为制度与制度变迁理论，这有许多重大的遗漏之处——不仅今天的生产技术而且现代的制度均代表着从过去继承下来的思想和传统的发展。这是不言自明的。同时，制度及技术存在着一个进步的时间周期，这可上溯于相当长的历史周期，这或许也是千真万确的。但是，由此得出理论说，由于过去没有按照我们现已认识的较优方式组织生产和交换，因而是无效率的，这会使我们对历史事件的理论解释显得空洞无物和毫无意义。

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在美国广播电视体制的演变与发展过程中，这一规律同样发挥作用。正如法国思想家托克维尔所说：“在美国，任何一种见解，任何一种习惯，任何一项法律，而且我敢说任何一件事，都不难从这个国家的起源中找到解释。

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CommonID:DIR_17565351,ID:7565351,SiteID:14,Type:chapter,Code:null,ParentId:0,InnerCode:203886,name:第三章 美国广播电视体制“公众委托模式”的确立与演化,ShortName:,SubName:,EnTitle:,EnShortTitle:,EnSubTitle:,Level:0,BookId:7565274,AbstractCH:

广播是有史以来社会教育最有力的工具，它能够被用来歪曲事实、误导公众思想。在我看来，广播是被用作实现上述目的还是公共利益，是目前最关键的问题之一。

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人类社会处于被称作进步的向上的电扶梯之上，这个进步的动力来自科技的发展与自由市场力量的联合，它不仅创造着更多的物质舒适感，还创造着一个更自由、更能获得精神满足的世界。

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《1996年电信法》的出台是在特定的政治、经济、技术背景下，多方利益集团博弈的结果。由于其在核心理念上与《1934年通讯法》的重大差异，以及其放松规制的措施对商业广播电视利益集团的迎合，它像一剂催化剂引发了美国广播电视业的大规模兼并狂潮，也带来了美国广播电视内容的变化，同时对其他国家，如西欧、日本等的广播电视业产生了巨大的冲击，无论从实际效果，还是从观念上来说都是如此。西欧国家、日本等的广播电视也因此进入了一个新的发展阶段：由传统的对公共利益的重视转向了对广播电视商业属性的认可。

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知识存量和技术存量扩大人类福利的范围，但它们不决定人类在这些范围内怎样达到成功。决定经济绩效和知识技术增长率的是政治经济组织的结构。

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