中国法治政府发展报告（2022）
中文摘要
2022年是“十四五”规划的关键之年，对开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程、向第二个百年奋斗目标进军有稳固方向之意义。回顾这一关键之年，行政法学理论界与实务界在习近平法治思想的引领下，以“一规划两纲要”的法治建设规划体系为经纬，取得了一系列成就：法治政府理论研究成果丰硕，法治政府建设的“八个方面体系”更加健全，法治政府建设推进机制更加完善，开创了法治政府建设新局面。党的二十大报告中将“坚持全面依法治国，推进法治中国建设”作为专章论述、专门部署，对法治政府建设提出了各方面法治化的全面性要求与扎实依法行政的高质量要求。在全面建设社会主义现代化国家开局起步的关键时期，必须以习近平法治思想为根本遵循，系统完善行政立法体系、扎实推进依法行政工作、切实保障严格公正司法、加快推动法治社会建设，谱写法治政府新篇章，助力在法治轨道上全面建设社会主义现代化国家。2022年行政法学理论界围绕法治政府建设，在行政行为法、行政争议解决等领域继续研究，聚焦一系列热点问题，研究视野不断拓宽，研究体系不断丰富。
在国家治理与行政法治专题，报告主要关注修订后的《行政处罚法》正式施行一年多来的理论与实践问题。行政处罚的种类、设定、实施机关、管辖与适用、程序等诸多方面存在值得探讨的空间。行政处罚法律责任的设定需要遵循惩戒与预防功能指引下的内在规律和逻辑，合理设定罚款、处罚种类，将主观过错作为行政处罚的要件。地方性法规在创设、规定、补充设定行政处罚时，须同行政处罚原则保持一致，必须符合处罚法定原则，做到过罚相当、公开透明，严格按照相关要件设定不予处罚或者处罚替代措施，充分保障相对人的程序性权利。在科技发展与法治政府专题，报告主要关注公共数据开发利用、算法监管、网络平台监管这三个主题。公共数据开发利用是推动数字经济发展的重要一环，而该制度目前面临的诸多问题根源在于“安全与利用”“公益性与经营性”的内在矛盾，应当通过制度的类型化完善与技术进步来解决或缓解这两组矛盾。传统监管模式越发难以应对算法引发的规制挑战，必须在法律层面构建直接以算法为客体的监管模式，而我国当前的立法探索在规范逻辑和价值取向上正形成了富有特色的规范模式。网络平台的监管需解决责任的分配、权力欠缺必要的约束等难题，以期促进平台经济健康发展。在部门行政法专题，报告选取了我国儿童福利制度、特殊领域的生产安全事故报告和调查处理两个主题展开研究。我国儿童福利事业虽然取得了显著成就，但制度层面的专门立法却是缺失的，儿童福利事业需要法律制度的规范和保障。特殊领域的安全生产方面，法律因效力位阶、立法依据、行业特点的差异产生了适用的诸多难题，应当深入研究确定各领域事故调查规范的适用规则，完善安全生产事故调查法律体系。在行政争议解决专题，报告重点关注了2022年实质性化解争议与行政复议的发展、红色资源保护类行政公益诉讼和多元解纷背景下行政裁决制度的发展与完善等。在北京市法治政府专题，报告指出了“十四五”时期实现北京市法治政府建设预期目标的基本思路和方向；深入研究了新世行营商环境评估体系对北京市优化营商环境的启示；具体研究了北京市城市更新法治建设的问题，并就存在的挑战给出了完善建议；在京津冀协同发展的国家重大战略背景下，阐述了食品安全领域跨区域执法协作的法治化路径。
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总报告
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·一 国家治理与行政法治·
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·二 科技发展与法治政府·
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·三 部门行政法·
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