教育新结构促进新型城镇化
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中文摘要
本书认为教育结构的不均衡是造成城镇化诸多问题的重要原因,而改变教育结构的不均衡是推进新型城镇化的有效路径。本书选取了教育规模扩张、义务教育阶段异地入学、异地中考、普职教育均衡、城乡教育资源均衡、正规教育与社区教育关系、留守儿童问题等七个方面,对其与城镇化的关系进行了研究。在研究方法上,选取包括15个副省级城市及长三角9个城市在内的24个城市作为样本,采用计量检验和案例分析相结合的方法进行实证研究,根据研究结果分别提出有针对性的政策建议。
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本研究总体分为八章,各个章节对教育结构与新型城镇化的关系展开研究。
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新中国成立后的65年间,我国城镇化水平不断提升,特别是改革开放后的36年里,伴随着经济飞速发展,城镇化水平进一步提高。在这一过程中,教育发挥了重要的作用。教育提升了识字率、提升了人力资源储备,通过对经济增长的推动促进了城镇化;同时,教育在人的思想意识的塑造以及在人才选拔方面的作用也值得重视。
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经济学认为城镇化是一个居民迁移的过程,而研究对象一般集中于居民的迁移决策,由此形成一个简单的均衡,即当一个居民的迁移成本至少要等于迁移收益时,迁移才会实现。关于教育在城镇化进程中的作用,经济学理论认为教育改变了居民的迁移决策,以此为基础对城镇化产生作用。而研究的结论通常是在一系列严格假定下得出的,其中较为重要的包括对收入的假定,及对教育过程的假定。
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改革开放以来的经济高速发展充分激活了中国的劳动力市场。在户籍制度不断弱化的背景下,大量农村剩余劳动力开始不断涌入城市并逐步成为产业工人的主力军和城市建设服务的中坚力量。
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现在,国际经济环境正发生着深刻变化,我国面临着发展不平衡、不协调、不可持续的问题,经济下行的压力依然突出。如何更好地加快转变经济发展方式、调整经济结构、扩大内需,从而促进我国由传统社会向现代社会转变,应该说城镇化具有重要潜力。
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纵观世界各地城市形态和城市功能,城市承载着政治、经济、文化和科技等多种功能,丰富的城市资源吸引着大量的外来人口向城市迁移。大量人口向城市聚集,促使城市软件竞争力和硬件竞争力不断提升和完善,导致城市规模不断壮大,即所谓的城镇化过程(也称“城市化”)。
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新型城镇化已经成为我国重要的发展战略, 而城镇化的核心问题是人的城镇化。教育在人的城镇化过程中起着举足轻重的作用。
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人口流动理论认为,迁移者通常首先选择城市的周围地带。这类迁移者正是本课题所研究的对象——— “新市民”,他们主要由三类人员组成:一是进城务工人员(包括来自农村或经济不发 达地区的农民工或流动人口);二是城中村居民、被动转移的城市郊区的失地农民和拆迁安置居民;三是通过其他方式转移至该区域的群体。
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上述问题受到学术界、教育界和各级政府的广泛重视。这部分的文献回顾重点集中在如何通过教育来缓解留守儿童所面临的问题。
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