主持人 黄晓勇（时任中国社会科学院研究生院党委书记、院长）：尊敬的芬兰共和国驻中华人民共和国大使岚涛先生，各位老师，各位来宾，亲爱的同学们，大家下午好。

我们今天非常荣幸地请到了芬兰共和国驻中国大使岚涛先生为我们做讲座。我谨代表中国社会科学院研究生院的全体教职员工，特别是代表在座的各位，向岚涛先生表示最热烈的欢迎。

芬兰是一个离我们比较远的北欧国家，面积33.8417万平方公里，有543万人口。芬兰是一个高度发达的国家，它的人均经济量在欧盟是很高的。芬兰长期保持着和平中立的对外政策，芬兰政府、芬兰人民对中国友好。芬兰也是一个教育和文化高度发达的国家，虽然只有543万人口，但是有4300多所学校，192万名在校学生，800多个图书馆，平均6000多人就有一个图书馆，芬兰人的人均阅读量和出版量均居于世界前列。这也是芬兰的经济能走在世界前列的一个重要原因。

岚涛大使1982年投入外交事业，曾在多国担任大使。2009年担任驻中国和蒙古大使。岚涛先生的足迹遍布全世界，世界上有190多个独立的国家，每个国家都有岚涛大使的足迹。中国有句老话：“读万卷书，行万里路。”表示一个人要有学识、有见地，不仅要读万卷书，还要行万里路。岚涛大使的行迹何止万里？所以，我们今天请岚涛大使来这里给我们做讲座无疑是一个非常明智的选择。1996年，大使先生被吉尼斯纪录收入，成为吉尼斯纪录的拥有者。这也是让人非常羡慕的，尤其是让我们年轻学子非常羡慕。我想，岚涛大使的讲座将使我们获益匪浅。岚涛大使还到其他学校做过讲座，广受欢迎。我们非常感谢岚涛大使今天能在百忙之中抽出时间来给我们做讲座。下面，让我们以最热烈的掌声欢迎岚涛大使阁下为我们做讲座。

岚涛（芬兰共和国驻中国大使）：同学们，下午好！感谢黄教授的亲切介绍，我很高兴来到这里。之前我在中国几所大学做过演讲，但还从来没到过中国社会科学院研究生院。

我一般都会在开始的时候问在座的各位，有多少人能听懂英语，如果能听懂，请举手示意。好的，我知道了。很好！通常只有个别几位举手，但在提问环节，大家又都能说英语。

我非常高兴能到访贵校，来到你们美丽的校园。衷心祝福大家！因为教育是最大的资本。

我首先自我介绍一下，然后再与大家分享我周游世界的见闻和感受，看看遇到了什么样的问题以及我们从中能学到什么。

我1955年生于芬兰，从芬兰埃博大学毕业。这所学校有些特殊，除了在办公室工作时使用芬兰语，教学全部使用瑞典语，而我本人是瑞典裔芬兰人，母语正是瑞典语。我于1981年开始从事外事工作，很喜欢也很享受，因此我一干就是三十三年。

对于从事外交工作，我从没觉得后悔，这是份非常有意思的工作。如果你们也对国际事务感兴趣，建议你们去中国外交部求职。我知道中国外交部的竞争很激烈，但是你们拿着从研究生院毕业获得的优质文凭，我敢肯定你们可以一路过关斩将，顺心遂意。

如你们所了解的那样，我按照自己的计划到访过世界上所有国家，我把这叫“经历”，叫“生活大学”。很多人在人生走到终点的时候问自己，你一辈子有什么收获，成就了什么？很多人都为那些想做而又没做的事感到失望和遗憾，而且也没有时间补救了。所以我在年轻之时，尽力去做我想做的事情。现在看来我做到了，感觉很好。这样的经历教会我很多东西，其中之一便是让我懂得世界上的所有人都生活在同一个地球上，我们有着共同的需求，每天也都面临着共同的问题。每个人都对这颗星球负有责任，我们应该保护好地球，而这也是我们做得不够的地方。

我不知道在座的同学有没有学天文学的。如果从太空看地球，如果在月球上回望我们蓝色的星球，你会发现它真的很脆弱。事实上，地球上大部分是水，离开水我们就不能生存。因此水是必需品，水资源也正面临短缺问题。我稍后会谈关于中国的问题，其中之一就是中国面临水资源匮乏问题，而且缺水的问题和用水安全问题已经在中国迫在眉睫了。所以，从太空俯瞰地球，你会发现这个星球是多么的独一无二，又是多么的脆弱。

现在全球有70多亿人口，13亿是中国人，所以中国是一股非常重要的力量。我认为到2050年全球人口可能达到90亿人，由此人口的迅速增长会给我们所有人带来巨大的挑战，如食物供给、矿产资源、能源提供等。人口越多，我们的消耗就越大，我们的需求也就越大。稍后我还会再谈这个问题，我们先说说芬兰。

在座的有人去过芬兰吗？关于芬兰都了解些什么？芬兰是一个远在北方的小国，三分之一的国土在北极圈内，人口密度很低，平均每平方公里只有17个人。当然如果你到拉普兰地区，那里每平方公里只有两个人，甚至比蒙古人口密度还低。所以我曾经告诉一个中国朋友，如果你想一个人躲清静，就去拉普兰吧，那里没人。我们同瑞典、挪威、丹麦这些北欧国家一样，是福利国家的代表。在芬兰税负很重，政府通过高税收来保障各项社会服务，例如养老计划、医疗保障、失业救济、教育补助等。芬兰的大学免收学费，外国留学生也不用缴费。当然，不是说在芬兰学习全免费，食宿交通费用还要学生自付，政府不承担生活费，只减免学费。我们很幸运自己能有这么优质的教育体系，我们感觉自己的社会服务名列前茅。事实上，除了教育，芬兰的很多社会服务也都处在世界前列，如高品质生活和宜居环境。芬兰是最有竞争力的国家之一，是信息通信技术最发达的国家之一，是最具创新力的国家之一，但这并不意味着我们安于现状不思进取。诺基亚可能因为一时懈怠，结果失掉了市场份额。你们知道诺基亚吧，我敢肯定在座的各位就有之前用诺基亚手机的，但是你们现在都换成了iPhone和iPad，或者三星。“我们是谁，你们有什么？”诺基亚正努力把你们都吸引回来，推出了新款机型，比如“Lumia非凡”系列——基于Windows系统的智能手机。所以你要是厌烦了苹果手机，回头再来用诺基亚吧。非常有意思的是，六七年前，诺基亚每年能创造100亿欧元的利润，芬兰政府因此获得大量税收。2012年，诺基亚仅仅缴税160万欧元，160万欧元真是杯水车薪。诺基亚已经关闭了所有在芬兰的工厂，这对于不少小城镇来说如同噩梦一般，它们几乎全部依赖诺基亚。然而诺基亚走了，人们只得拿着账单去别处讨生活。这给我们带来的教训是：一个企业可能会在10～15年内非常成功，但也会迅速地丧失竞争力，优胜劣汰、推陈出新就是世界发展进步之道。很多中国企业正快步走在上升期，但并不是所有企业都能在较长时间内保持成功。因此，我敢肯定苹果最终也会遇到来自其他公司的竞争。如今的三星就好比当年的诺基亚，创造了数十亿美元的利润。

然而芬兰需要纳税人，我们是依赖税收的高消费国家。我认为中国也在这条道路上行进，因为中国正在攀登技术阶梯，人们收入会增加，缴税也会增加。你们年轻人，就是今后的纳税人。中国政府已经有大量的财政开支，同时又不得不增加预算来为国人提供更多的社会福利。中国有13亿人口，因此这个开支会变得非常巨大。中国对芬兰的福利模式和运作方法很有兴趣，但芬兰终究规模小，而中国又是如此之大，不过中国可以借鉴芬兰的经验，在诸如教育、医疗等领域，政府可以尽己所能，但我不敢肯定中国人会把工资的60%纳税，好在现在还不是。可是芬兰恰是如此。我们看一下欧洲，相信大家已经听说了欧元危机，芬兰也是欧元区成员之一，使用欧元，刚开始我们很高兴能加入欧元区，现在，当一些南部国家，如希腊、塞浦路斯、西班牙、葡萄牙、冰岛等都遭遇了危机，我们又不得不为他们埋单。目前我们的援助账目，是向希腊支援10亿欧元，不是很高，只有10亿欧元，但我们的总预算规模是500亿欧元，10亿欧元要从预算中支出，所以不得不减少一些军队戍防，不得不关闭几所使馆，从而把这10亿欧元挤出来。如果整个欧元区的国家都陷入问题，比如他们破产了，我们也将血本无归。现在芬兰有大约140亿欧元债务，如果我们支付了这些，我们将会破产。值得注意的是，德国的债务负担可能10倍于芬兰。我们绝不允许这种情况发生，所以我们要帮助欧元生存下去，让欧元区保持完整非常重要。然而我们解决了欧元区的问题吗？我认为没有。原因很简单，成员国的差异很大，这意味着北欧国家是高税收、高效率的，而南欧国家的税收很低。比如在塞浦路斯，企业税率是10%，而在芬兰是20%，芬兰收的税是塞浦路斯的两倍。

据我了解，当前中国正引导资金从富裕地区向贫困地区流动/倾斜，这也会在欧洲发生，我们在把钱从富国转移到穷国。美国也在这样做，美国人把钱从富裕地区转移到贫困地区，同时把人员从贫穷地区转移到富裕地区。我们应该学习这种做法，把欧洲的人口从贫穷地区转移到富裕地区，其中有些已经发生。在西班牙，像同学们这样的年轻人，只有一半有工作，其他人都处于失业状态，这是非常糟糕的。这些待业青年当中的一些人因此搬到了北欧。我的父母居住在芬兰的一个小岛上，他们开了一家餐馆，厨师就是西班牙人，我们在一起努力。年轻人失业是社会极大的浪费，政府为他们的教育已经花了很多钱，他们却找不到一份工作。如果长期失业，他们的生活将是很惨的。我知道2013年中国有700万大学毕业生，如果我的理解没错的话，可能只有100万个职位供这700万人选择，这听起来并不好。如果你学习一门技能，在中国找到一份工作将会更容易。中国的经济学家说，这里是世界工厂，工厂需要有人来做工。我无法描绘一幅闪亮的画面，但我希望同学们都能找到好的工作，你们享有盛誉的学校也会帮助你们。在这里可能比在一些小的地方学校更加“官方”一些。青年人的就业问题确是困扰中国的一件大事。

幸运的是，欧洲将会复苏，芬兰经济仍然在增长，德国在增长，荷兰在增长，瑞典、挪威、丹麦都在增长，但是英国、法国，经济依然萧条，希腊在迅速衰退。这不是个好消息。所有国家都需要增长，需要创造税源，增加税收收入，这样我们才能使社会运转良好/良性运作。如果没有纳税人的钱，国家就要关门了。世界上其他一些国家如美国经历了这些问题，它们出台了量化宽松政策，这意味着美联储正在印刷大笔的钞票。我知道中国对此很担忧，因为中国购买了巨额/大量美国国债，并把对美贸易收入作为外汇储备，再印出更多的钱，美元就越有可能贬值，这对中国不利，所以中国不希望看到美元贬值。日本也在做相同的事情，他们也在搞量化宽松，这似乎会使他们的经济朝着好的方向发展，然而过了一段时间，他们又不得不保证不印太多的钱，因为通货膨胀将会急速增加，这就意味着国民经济财产管理将会是一个非常复杂的问题。美国的债务很多，其国债可能有17万亿美元，债台高筑是美国一次又一次出问题的原因。参议院和众议院限制了政府的借债，然后在是否应当扩大、限制或不限制的问题上，议员之间就发生了政治斗争。现在，他们在很多预算案中出台了自动削减开支计划，比如像美军就要到处削减预算，即使是航空管制的资金也要削减，这使得每天有很多飞机延误，除非政府为他们的航空管制支付更多的钱，这是很滑稽的事情。在美国政府所有的这17万亿美元之上，还有15万亿美元被称为“权利保证金”的资金，这一权利保证金是政府用来在未来承诺照料现在的年轻人的养老、医疗的钱。

像整个欧洲一样，芬兰的问题是人口的快速老龄化，中国也面临类似问题。在芬兰，20～50岁的每一个人要为四位领取养老金的人工作，这是难以置信的。我们需要有更多的人工作来承担养老金和债务，正如贵国所遇到的问题一样。我认为在中国可能有3.16亿人不工作，他们在领取养老金，老龄化问题将在2030～2040年发生。因此，中国正在面对很多挑战。过去30多年间，中国取得了飞速的进步，成为一个成功的案例。世界上没有任何一个国家能有中国这样巨大的成就，这些成果随处可见。中国已经拥有和美国一样多的高速公路，拥有世界上其他国家加起来那么多的“子弹头式”高铁。中国正在建设从中心辐射四周的新兴城市，城市化已经成为一种现象，1990年以来，26%的中国人离开了农村，他们成为城市化的动力。在座的各位的父母可能大多数都生活在农村，可能你们中有些人也出生在农村。今天，51%～52%的中国人生活在城市，到2050年，可能会有70%的人生活在城市。所以，这是一个十分巨大的，从乡村到城市的人口迁移。中国的城市化是全世界前所未有的壮举。我的意思是，我们还从未见过其他地方有这样的现象，也许印度有，但是印度赶不上中国的发展速度，印度不能复制中国的成就。在印度，每一件事都更慢、更复杂，印度是一个比中国更贫穷的国家。

将来，整个城市化的过程会带来巨大的挑战，因为中国的城市建立在矛盾之上。中国有机会建造世界上最好的城市，但这将要花费高额成本。建筑公司想为自己挣一大笔钱，因此它们可能不会去考虑它们造成的后果，这可能导致无法足够高效地利用能源。交通体系可能无法承受繁重的压力以满足所有人的需要。中国应当确保每一个搬到城市中的人住在离他们工作单位足够近的地方，这能够节约交通成本，也能够让人们有更多掌握在自己手里的时间，即更多自由的时间，以及更少的交通污染——总体来讲就是更幸福。这对于买房的人们来说，就是城市化实现的那一天的希望。我希望建设者采纳我们的意见，建设节能的建筑。现在确实有一些节能技术可以增强建筑的自持力，让它们自己为自己提供能源。窗户将会包含太阳能板，你将拥有高端的换热设备，在夏天房子里会很舒适，像装了空调一样，冬天就像装了暖气。这种建筑将会提供你所需要的所有电能，我自认为这是真的，这就是正在到来的卓越技术。当你有了它，请你使用它。拥有一套理想高层的公寓可能不太好，这是传统的思维，但将持续很短时间，你必须推倒旧思维建立起新观念。中国正在建设新的城市，应用正确的方法来建设它。

同时中国还有其他的挑战，比如水资源。北京每一个人所能使用的干净的水量比世界上其他很多国家城市居民都要少，如今已不得不从水坝调水。宏伟的南水北调工程耗资巨大，我不太清楚具体数字，这成为目前中国所实施的最大计划，它将把南方河流里的水调往北京。但中国的水质并不是很好，50%的水经过了净化处理，而50%没有净化。这意味着一座上游城市承担了净水责任，但在河流下游使用着此清洁水源的城市却不用承担责任，缺失流域生态补偿机制，生态服务提供者无法得到合理补偿，利益纠葛失衡，因此水污染将会持续。

中国是世界上最大的能源消费国，随着经济的持续发展中国将需要越来越多的能源，而又不得不从煤炭中获取。不幸的是，煤炭是污染最严重的一种能源。中国能使用阳光、风能、水能和潮汐能等再生能源，但太阳能和风能在中国能源消费中的份额是很小的，煤炭占了70%，剩下的是核能和水能。中国已经将太阳能作为核心，正在生产比世界上其他任何地方都多的太阳能板，但太阳能板生产企业之间的竞争是相当激烈的。我觉得可能有1000家这样的企业，他们雇用了4万人，互相竞争以求扩大规模，以致其中一些破产了。大家可能听说了无锡尚德太阳能（太阳能板生产商）破产了。由于尚德把太阳能板的价格降低了60%，然后把它们卖到欧洲，欧洲的企业不高兴了，因为太阳能板被以一种极低的价格出售，致使欧洲的此类企业无法竞争。所以，中国的太阳能板生产企业应当把更多产品卖给中国消费者，因为这是一个太阳能的大市场。

风能是中国又一种投入巨资的能源。从一定程度上说，中国拥有的潜在风能发电量比国家电网能够用蓄电池来储存的电量多得多。这也是一个问题，我感觉中国没能好好利用风能发电。根据统计数据，中国损失了风能所创造的电量的20%，这无法进入国家电网，因此它损失掉了。风车在转，却没有生产出任何东西。风能的问题在于风，如果没有风，就没有能源，这在某种程度上成为国家电网获取风能困难的原因。关于水能，中国在很多河流上建造了巨型水坝，剩下的可以筑坝的河流已经不多了。关于核能，中国有很多核设施，它们全部都是可再生能源。新能源并不多，它们可能只占全部需求的5%。这意味着中国必须依赖煤炭，这是一个不好的消息，因为污染似乎会因此而增加。大家都记得在过去的这个冬天，北京的污染是多么严重。现在网上有权威信息发布，我们每天可以跟踪到所呼吸的空气的质量，其中有些数据是让人相当震惊的。空气污染将会使人产生呼吸系统疾病，人们呼吸了空气，一天结束之时空气中的污染物就会进入人的血管、大脑和心脏，这将会缩短人的寿命。政府已经很及时地发现了这一问题，也认识到了所能做的事情。中国不能关闭耗能企业，否则工业就会崩溃，城市就会崩溃，经济就会停滞。中国不能这样做，但可以限制汽车的使用量和保有量。为什么我们需要能源？可能工业使用了大部分能源，但在中国，40%的能源消耗是你我造成的，我们使用了能源。因此，如果有人抱怨污染，必须先审视自己。我们使用电，使用热水，使用能源来看电视和上网。我们在冬天为公寓制热，在夏天制冷，能源就是这样消耗掉的。正因为有这样多的挑战，年轻人，你们是下一代，你们将会面对一系列问题，我不希望你们说：“哦，看看老一辈，他们毁灭了这个星球，看看他们为我们留下了什么。”

这就是我的一些小小的感想。我读到了大气污染的一些新数据，现在的数据比过去4亿年的任何时候都要高。在这种模式下，二氧化碳被大量排出。众所周知，如果你去喜马拉雅山，你将看到冰川正在退化；如果你去北极，你现在可以乘船前往西北地区和东北地区，那里夏天没有冰，这对于中国到欧洲、欧洲到中国的航运来说是好事，但对全球气候来说却不是。所有的冰消失了，海洋水吸收了更多的日照，会使水变得更暖，推迟其封冻期，也使冬天的冰层更薄，到那一天，我们将面临更高的气温。在中国，大家正生活在沙漠化的威胁之下，人们很靠近沙漠，充满焦虑地与沙漠做斗争已经有很多年了，然而伴随着用于抗争沙漠化的水越来越少，城市用水也越来越紧张，农业用水亦日益减少，这些都是问题。因此，中国和世界其他地区一样，都需要像你们一样的聪明人、年轻人挺身而出想出新的办法并付诸实践。过去的一代是不成功的一代，我们过分地依赖化石能源、石油、天然气，也许是因为价格太低，也许是我们为石油和天然气支付的过少。我认为在欧洲不全是这样，但某种程度上我们仍然需要限制用量。我们将继续依靠碳来生存，这也可能真的是我们破坏星球的原因。这是悲哀的，因为我们在如此短的时间内消耗了这么多造成污染又不可再生的碳资源。当然，我们有办法远离碳，你可以把它泵入地下，排入周围的空气，也可以排入岩层。然而这些办法都不能从根本上解决问题。还有一个问题是，当北方变暖，西伯利亚、加拿大或阿拉斯加的永久冻土就会融化，当永冻层开始融化时，它将会释放出沼气。你们听说过沼气吗？它产生于千百年前永冻层中的大爆炸。当沼气被释放出来的时候，会加速海平面上升。因此，你今天可以看到所发生的一切：如果你去西伯利亚北部海岸，你会看到永冻层正在融化，你能找到所有种类的猛犸，它们的骨架深埋了数万年，现在都露出来了。

所以，问题很多。但我是乐观的，我们已经走了这么远，怎么会毁灭呢？只是我们不能再孤立地认为我们是芬兰、中国、美国或日本，或者只考虑自己的利益，我们不能这样做。我们必须真正从全球角度来思考，地球是我们的“飞船”，我们必须照顾好它。这些就是我的全部想法，但愿我讲得不是很长。现在可以提问，我会用个人的观点来回答。我认为我可以回答10个问题，每个提问的同学都可以得到一本叫《芬兰与中国》的书。

问题一：中国的快速崛起是否对世界带来威胁？您怎样看待这一问题？谢谢。

岚涛：好的，好问题！世界上很多人在思考这个问题。中国有13亿消费者，很多人都有汽车，还胸怀中国梦，但是世界上能够供中国使用的资源可能所剩不多了。然而每一个国家都有权发展，你们也有权利像美国和欧洲那样变得富裕和成功。不过短期来看，中国将会面临更多资源之争。我认为中国已经为资源之争做好了自我定位，因为中国现在可以从非洲和拉美获得资源，已经介入了那里的矿产、石油和天然气的商业运营。你们的公司在关键领域购买了海外股票，诸如在澳大利亚这样的地方购买自己所需的材料。因此，中国的崛起不应被看作威胁，而应当被看作对每个人来说都是“双赢”的机会。同时，我愿重申，我们所需的每一件东西都要购买。还有就是中等收入陷阱，中国将面对3.6亿需要养老的人口，而接受过培训的、能够作为世界劳动力的人又太少，这是“独生子女”政策的结果。现在，能够加入劳动大军的人越来越少，并且会持续下降。因此，更少的人必须努力工作来创造税收，并且为自己挣钱，这就是中国陷入“中等收入陷阱”的原因。让我们为全世界思考一个“双赢”的情形。

问题二：我有一个技术性的问题。因为您去过全世界大约200个国家，我只想问您是怎样得到所有的签证的？我们都知道，有些国家的签证真的很难得到。

岚涛：我很明确自己完全不喜欢签证，我们应该自由地前往我们想去的任何地方。我自己也遇到过签证被拒的问题。例如，我去沙特阿拉伯，我想去那里只是因为我想去世界上每一个国家。但他们不想接纳我，因为在20世纪80年代他们不接受游客，而我是一名游客。因此，我能去的唯一方式是，当我们的外交部部长去的时候请求和他同行。当然，我会支付自己的旅费以及其他一切费用，后来我就得到了签证。在南也门，我也没得到签证。现在也门是一个国家，但那时有北也门和南也门之分。通常情况下，一个人没有签证，不会被允许上飞机，但他们让我上了飞机。当我到达南也门时，他们要驱逐我，因为我没有签证。于是我向他们解释，我是一名外交官，我对他们国家是友好的，在被驱逐之前他们要打电话给相关部门，他们将会实施护照管制。我的外交护照会很好地帮助我，如果是普通护照他们就会驱逐我。这不容易，我也明白我们为什么需要签证。每年有500万俄罗斯人来芬兰旅游。如果没有签证，可能每年有1000万人甚至1500万人涌入芬兰，我们将会十分拥挤。当你没有签证的时候，你可能会按时到达，也可能不会，或者是非法入境，没有签证会有很多交通和其他麻烦。我的愿望是建立一个无签证的世界。

问题三：您好！首先感谢您的到来。我的问题是，您可以分享一下您对于非物质文化遗产保护的看法吗？比如说口头传统。谢谢！

岚涛：你的意思是说就像联合国教科文组织公布的世界遗产？哦，我知道了。从全球范围来看，口头传统保护做得并不是很好。不幸的是，作为全球化的结果，我们在全世界所有地方都在看同样的电视节目。到了最后，这些口头传统的传承人或一般成员都去世了，它们就很难被传给下一代。我不知道这是不是中国的一个问题？令人欣慰的是，许多传统又回来了。在芬兰，我们把它叫作卡勒瓦拉——卡勒瓦拉是所有口头传统的总和，它们广泛存在于18世纪中期的芬兰东部地区。我们庆幸的是，我们已经把它写下来了，它是芬兰人身份的重要组成部分。我担心这种今天仍存在于很多地方的技艺正在受到威胁。因此，如果你知道谁擅长讲故事的话，请他们把故事写下来。我年轻的时候，非常荣幸地住在一个拥有深厚口头传统的小岛上。那里的老人会到我父母家，在电视开始前坐着给我们讲故事，回想起来如梦幻一般。

问题四：我朋友想去芬兰投资。您能否给我们作一些关于芬兰法律体系的介绍？

岚涛：好的，我们正努力获取更多来自中国的投资。芬兰公司在中国的投资已经超过100亿欧元，中国境内有超过300家芬兰企业。这是极不平凡的，因为我们只有500多万人口。中国有13个城市都比芬兰国家的人口多，但中国公司在芬兰的投资并不多。我们有一个充满生机的股票交易市场，你可以在那里无限制地购买股票，这完全由你决定。如果你想把整个公司买下来，你需要去做一些调查。芬兰有一个政府部门专门引进投资，它会联络和告诉你什么投资是允许的，开矿或者经营其他种类的销售公司都是可以的，我们真心欢迎中国把资金和一切想要投资的东西投入到芬兰，这是一个运作良好的社会，这里有勤劳的人民。当然，芬兰的赋税很高，作为公司的所有者，你将要缴纳利润的20%作为税款，但芬兰的工人是很有技能的，他们中的很多人有精湛的技术，这是通向未来之路的利器。我们不仅仅卖机器，我们要卖所有的东西，我们必须具有创新能力，以立于潮流之巅。

问题五：谢谢您，岚涛先生，感谢您的演讲，我受益匪浅。您到过超过190个国家。我的问题是，哪个国家是您最喜欢的？为什么？谢谢！

岚涛：好的。每个人问我，我都尽量去避免回答这个问题，因为我认为说某个国家比另一个更好是不公平的。像中国，你可以到处游览，观看雄奇壮美的自然风光，见识悠久灿烂的历史文化，没有什么国家能和中国相比，中国是如此博大。所以，回答这一问题是痛苦的。这就是像摩纳哥、圣马力诺这样的小国的人民对出游不感兴趣，而是对他们自己的东西情有独钟的原因。所以我婉拒你的问题。所有国家都是有趣的，有意思的是，当你游览这些国家，见到那里的人民，发现他们都对自己的国家很自豪，不管是马拉维、尼日利亚、津巴布韦，还是南非、拉丁美洲、基里巴斯、图瓦卢、瓦努阿图或者其他。所有当地居民，无论他们生活得多么困难和贫穷，他们仍为自己的国家感到自豪。

问题六：非常感谢您，我的问题是，您到过那么多国家，您能否告诉我一个打动、激励过您的故事？为什么会这样？非常感谢！

岚涛：我有一位朋友去旅行，他来自新西兰，双目失明并且丧失听力，所以他既不能说话又看不见事物，但他仍然去旅行了。你们相信吗？在阿根廷，他在残疾的情况下到处游览。他看不到、听不到，但做到了。有这样一些人，他们都是普通人，而不是纳尔逊·曼德拉。他仅仅是一个残疾青年，我非常感佩于他的行动，我认为健康的人享有看、听、行走的“特权”。因此，当你遭遇不顺时，想想这些，你能看、能听、能行走，你比其他人好得多。

问题七：谢谢您能来我们学校为我们做这个精彩的、激动人心的演讲。我的问题是，伴随着社会的发展，科技主义和世界主义充满了我们的生活。一些人建议，应当把世界主义理解为人类利益的一种基本内涵，世界是一个整体。在这一概念中，国家仅仅是一部分，它们是相互分离的，通过把人口彼此隔离开的方式来区别于他国。有人说世界主义打破了国界，创造出了一个类似宇宙的世界。但在18世纪，就有人思考一个世界的想法，一个凌驾于国家之上的世界政府。后来，他提出了国家联邦。我的问题是，您向我们介绍了这么多国家，您怎样理解世界主义？

岚涛：正如我所说，直到现在，我们的民族国家体系还是十分稳固的，它能保护个人的利益。当你思考我们所面临的挑战时，这些挑战都是全球性的，每一件事，包括水、能源、污染、和平、安全，都是全球性的事务。我们有联合国，它做了很多有益的工作。联合国内部设立了许多做实事的专门机构：联合国难民署帮助难民渡过生存难关；联合国工发组织帮助贫弱国家实现工业化；联合国为帮助妇女设立了基金；世界银行为经济发展计划提供金融支持。它们都发挥了必不可少的作用。但进行下一轮京都议定书谈判时，我们失败了。我们无法达成一致，各个国家仍然只顾维护自己的利益，美国这样，中国这样，芬兰也这样，其他国家亦如此。如果我们不能达成全球战略，后果将会不堪设想。我的意思是，有人建议我们应当设立一个世界政府，联合国就是离世界政府最近的机构，但你会发现这还需要很长很长的路要走。我不是说任何一个国家能够接纳世界政府，但最终各国都会这样做。当全球变暖已经变得如此严重时，除了解决别无选择，必须为一个全球行为体播种。在我有生之年可能看不到，你们也有可能看不到。但它教会我们，我们应当一起努力，搁置分歧，为我们所有人创造一个更美好的世界。

问题八：非常感谢您，先生。我总是期待着向20世纪30年代英勇抗击苏联红军的伟大芬兰人民致敬，请接受我的敬意。我的问题是，在您的旅行中，您肯定在俄罗斯接触很多人和事，当您跟别人交谈的时候，是否会谈到那段历史？在我的旅行中，我遇到了一些日本人，我就和他们探讨了我们两国的历史。我想，这是了解现在的普通日本民众如何看待该问题的一个很好的方式。因此，我想知道您对俄罗斯及其历史的个人看法。除此之外，我还有一个小问题，作为一名外交官，您肯定在职业生涯中处理过很多危机，您能否分享其中的一些经验，您认为一个外交官要保卫国家利益，最重要的特质是什么？谢谢！

岚涛：你谈到了俄罗斯。我的父亲参加了那场战争，他最好的朋友就牺牲在他身旁，我觉得他永远都不会原谅俄国人的所作所为，但到了我这一辈，我们必须往前走。如果你回头看历史，你基本上会痛恨周围的每一个国家，因为芬兰和它所有的邻国都打过恶仗。我觉得中国也和所有邻国打过恶仗，因此，我们最好的选择是原谅和淡忘。我知道，对于日本问题这并不容易，而且也要看他们的态度，他们也必须忏悔、原谅和淡忘。但我们不能长期局限于历史，双方应当合作和向前看，这就是我从一个外交官的角度给你的建议。现在，芬兰在全世界有数万名外交官，我们的工作就是代表政府以最好的方式来说服他国以我们的视角看待世界。这也需要一些技巧，我们中有医生、工程师、社会科学家、政治家等，几乎囊括所有生活中的职业。我在中国担任大使已经有4年了，以前还在泰国做过4年大使。在此之前，我供职于教育和人力资源部，在那里，我曾置身于一次又一次危机，像地震、火灾、战争。全世界有很多人为战争所影响，这是一个充满挑战的工作，我的感受就是，任何时候我们都到得太晚，有的人已经被杀了，有的人正在垂死挣扎或濒临死亡。所以我们必须更有作为，以在第一地点、第一时间防止此类事件的发生。这就需要国家更加开放，对外部世界更加开放，以在危机爆发前获得调停的帮助。这是一个重要的问题。当你面临一个国内问题、又不希望外人介入时，就需要技巧。

问题九：谢谢您！我想知道在中国社会中，什么最令您失望？

岚涛：中国在短时间内取得了巨大进步，我想知道中国人民是否已经跟上这种高速发展的步伐。在座的同学们是如此年轻，你们自动滑入了新世界，但你们的父母如何思考这些变化，他们是否认为这太快了，很多事情他们都没有试过。我略知一二的是，中国人总是抱怨高房价，几乎每个人都抱怨。年轻人买不起任何东西。你们必须从银行贷款并偿还20年：你们每个月的工资中要抽出一部分来还贷，还20年。这就是一种失望，是市场经济走向极端，使之完全自由运行。在中国，你们的社会主义制度应当能够很好地团结人力，市场经济可以发挥创造力。每个人都应当得到一套好的住房，这就是我的观点。在芬兰，我们有同样的问题，房价太贵，贵得离谱。

问题十：我很喜欢你的演讲，但我英语听力不好，所以我漏听了您讲座中的某些要点，我很想得到一本书，从而在我闲暇的时候对此有个深入了解。为了得到这本书，我必须问您一个问题。您能用一句话对您今天的讲座做一个总结吗？谢谢！

岚涛：好主意！让我们携手为全世界福祉努力！谢谢！

主持人：非常感谢岚涛大使为我们带来内容丰富、话题深刻的演讲，并还对同学们感兴趣的问题作了非常认真、周到的回答，让我们再一次以热烈的掌声向岚涛大使表示衷心的感谢！

原文

Lars Backstrom：Good afternoon，students.Thank you professor Huang for your kind introduction.It’s pleasure for me to be here right.I’ve spoken at quite a few Chinese universities，but never at a graduate school.

I always start with asking you how many you understand English，if you do，raise your hand，I get an idea.OK，good，good，good！

Normally very few people raise their hands，but at the question and answer section everybody is speaking English.So，very pleased to be here，beautiful campus you have.Congratulations！Education is the best capital you can have，it’s too to tell a little bit about myself and when we go traveling around the world and see what kind of problems we will learn to counter.

So...I was born in Finland in 1955，and I studied at the university called Abo Akademi.It’s a special university because the language is Swedish，not Finnish. And that’s because I am a Finland-Swed，my mother town is Swedish. And my working language is Finnish in the office and in the ministry. And then I enjoyed Foreign Service in 1981，so I spent almost 33 years there.

And I don’t regret having done that.It’s a very interesting job.If you are interested in international affairs，I recommend that you apply for your job at the Chinese ministry of foreign affairs.I know the competition is quite rough，but with a good degree from graduate school，I am sure you will fly through （with） no problems at all.

And having be copied to your mind that I have been visited all the countries in the world as I managed to do it. And I call it，the experience，I call it university of life.So many of us go through life and at the end of the day，you will ask yourself what you have achieved？And many may be disappointed that they didn’t do what you want to do，and they run out of time.I try my best to do whatever I wanted and to have it done before I run out of time. And I managed it.It’s good.It has taught a lot，and the one thing is all citizens of the world are live on the same planet，we have the same needs，and we have the same problems to encounter daily. And we have responsibility to our planet，to take best care of it. And this is where we have been failing in late.

I don’t know if any one of you have studied astronomy.No body study in astronomy？If you look at the planet from space，if you go to the moon and look back on our blue planet，you can see how fragile it is.Most of it is water actually，and without water we wouldn’t be here. And water is a commodity that in short of supplying. And I will talk more about China，but one thing，one problem China will have is water，and China already has that problem.There is not enough to clear water for everybody.So when you look at the planet from space，you can see how incredibly unique，the planet is，and how fragile it is.

And we have seven billion people，one point three billion are Chinese，so you are very important power，and there are six billion more people around the globe. And I think in what it by 2050 might be 9 billion people，so the tremendous growth in population is posing the mass of challenges for all of us，for food supplies，for mineral resources，and for energy everywhere.The more people we are，the more we consume，and the more we will need.I’ll come back to that，but that started in Finland.

Has anyone been to Finland？Do you know anything about Finland？Small country in the far north.One third of Finland is above the Arctic Circle even，very spare of populate and we have only 17 Finns per square kilometer. And if you go to Lapland，there are only 2 persons per square kilometer，and that’s less than Mongolia.So I has told a Chinese friend，if you want a quiet time on your own，go to Lapland.Nobody is there. And we represent this Nordic welfare state like Sweden，Norway，and Denmark.So it’s a high taxation system whereby we pay for all social services.Pension schemes，health care and unemployment benefits，education frame.Even in our universities we don’t charge to any tuition，not even for foreign students.It doesn’t mean it is free to study in Finland，you have to pay for your food，you have to pay your rent，and you have to pay your travel.My government does not take care of those costs but not tuition.So that means we are very luck that we have an excellent educational system and the sense we are ranking very high on service.In fact，many service find Finland to be at the very top，the best quality of life，best place to live and best education.Most competitive nation，most advanced in information and communication technology，most innovative.All of that，but that doesn’t mean we can just sit down and take it easy.Nokia maybe was sitting down to take it easy for a while so they lost market shares.You know Nokia，I am sure some of you had it，but you are moved on to iPhones and iPads and Samsung.Who are we，what have you？So Nokia is trying hard now to lure you all back.Now models are available，Lumia for example，smart phones，built on the Windows system.So if you are tired with you Apple and iPhones，go back to Nokia.It’s very interesting to know that maybe 6，7 years ago when Nokia was making a 10 billion Euros profit every year，and the government of Finland got a lot of tax money.Last year，Nokia only fade 1.6 million Euro in taxes.1.6 million is nothing. And it has closed all the factories in Finland.It is very bad for some smaller towns，they are living basically on Nokia，but Nokia left，they left with all the bills.So at the lesson that here，one business can be very successful for 10 years or 15 years，and then can become uncompetitive very quickly.It is how the world moves ahead then.Many Chinese companies are around the way up very quickly.But not all of them will be successful for a longer period.It’s like a roller coaster，so I am sure that Apple will eventually find competition from other companies，Samsung is today’s Nokia，and they are making profit in billions.

But Finland，we need tax payers，we are a high-cost country，feed on taxes，we do. And I think China is going to the same way，because you are climbing on the technology ladder，people will make more money，you will pay more taxes.You are young，so you will be the tax payer of the future. And Chinese government already has a lot of expenditures，and they have to increase the budget to take care of more social benefits for the Chinese people. And you are 1.3 billions，so the cost can become very huge. And for China，it very interested in Finland，our mode，how we have managed.But our scale is so small，while you are so huge，that are not true that China can use our experiences.In some fields such as education，health care as you can.But I am not sure you like to pay 60% of your salaries，but it is not yet.So that’s Finland.We look at Europe，you have heard the Euro Zone crisis and Finland is the member of the Euro zone.We are the Euro and we are happy to join in the Euro at the beginning，now we are the one has to pay when member states in the South like Greece，Cyprus and Spain or Portugal and Iceland failed. And our bill so far is not so bad.It is 1 billion Euro.We have to pay 1 billion to Greece.But our total budget is 50 billion.So 1 billion have to be taken from somewhere.We have to close some military garrisons for example，we have to close few embassies.We have to take that billion somewhere.But if in the whole Euro zone and all these countries that are in trouble，if they would fail，and we will not get back our money.Our bill now is something like 14 billion for Finland，14 billion Euros.So if we have to pay that we will be bankrupt. And that means like Germany，their cost would be probably 10 times as 140 billion. And we can never allow that to happen，so it’s important for us to that the Euro survives，and Euro zone remains intact.But have we solved all the Euro zone’s problems？I don’t think so.Simply because，the member states are so different，that means the North where are high-taxation，efficient countries.In the South，they are very low-tax countries.But I think in Cyprus the company tax in 10% but in Finland is 20%.So we charge our companies twice as much as Cyprus is doing.

And if this doesn’t in balance，like China’s balances，you are also moving the money from rich areas to the poor areas.That’s what gonna happen in Europe，which moving money from us to poor areas.The same in the United States，they have one currency for this state，they move money from rich areas to the poor areas.They move people from the poor areas to the rich areas.We should move people from the poor areas in Europe to the rich areas. And we have seen some of that happening，people from Spain，unemployed for young people like you：50%，every other Spanish is unemployment.So （指着台下的学生）you get a job，you don’t have one；you have a job，you don’t have one.That’s terrible！And some of these young people they move north.My parents lived on a little island in Finland，and they have one restaurant and the cook is Spanish.So，this is our goals. And young people unemployed a complete waste.They have been educated by the government with a lot of money，they can’t find a job. And if with long-term unemployed at the end of the day，their lives would be very miserable. And I know in China you have 7 million graduate students this year，and if I understood correctly，maybe 1 million available jobs for the 7 million，and so that doesn’t even sound good.If you go to a school to learn technical skills，here in China might be much easier to get a job.Vacation training，because Chinese economy build like that，here is a factory of the world.People are needed for factory work.So I don’t want to paint a blink picture，but I hope all of you can get good jobs. And you have the prestigious school which will help you.You will be much more official than studying in some small provincial colleges. And nevertheless that is an issue that Chinese cramping with.

So hopefully，Europe will recover.In Finland we still have growth，and in Germany there is growth，and in the Netherlands there is growth，in Sweden，Norway and Denmark，there is growth.But in Britain，there is a declining economy.In France declining economy；in Greece，rapidly going down.That’s not good news.All of our countries need growth，to produce the tax money，increase the tax money，so that we can run our societies.If you don’t have tax payer money，we have to start shutting down. And looking at the rest of the world like the United States goes through problems，their economies goes pretty well now，3%.They have quantitative easing policy.Have you heard about that？QE1，2，3，quantitative easing.It means that federal reserve printing a lot of money. And I know China is quite worry about that because you have bought or put your trade money in the United States for currency reserve.You have overall billions that you have deposited in the United States or bought government bonds.Treasury bonds of the United States is over billion dollars.So you don’t want to see the dollar’s values slide that would be not good for China. And more money that printed，the more the likelihood the value of the dollar will decline.Japan is doing the same，they also have quantitative easing，and that seems to be getting their economy going which is good.But sooner or later，they have to make sure that there is not too much money printed that inflation will skyrocket.So it means charging on the country economy for the ministry of finance，the treasure manage is a very complicated matter. And in the United States，there are very much in debt，national debt in United Stated is probably 17 trillion dollars，that’s why they have problems from time to time.In the Senate and the House representatives，they limit the debt government can borrow.Then there is political fighting ion whether they should extend the limits or not. And now they have this what’s called for sequence trait that they are making automatic cuts in various budget.Like the US military will have its budget cuts everywhere.Even the way they are taking care of air-traffic control was cut，and let to lots of delays planes for until the government has turned around to make the government give their air-traffic control more money.So it’s trick issue. And on the top of this 17 trillion dollars that the US government owns，there are also another 15 trillion dollars which is called entitlements.The entitlements is when government promises to take care of your pensions，to take care of your health care in the future years.

And like in Europe，our problem is the population is aging very rapidly，it is a problem that China also faces.We will probably have at by 20 to 50 in Finland for everyone working for four people are having pensions.So that’s impossible.We have to have more people working to carry the pension and liabilities. And as the US we have the same problem. And I think in China you have something like 316 million people that are no longer working，they are having pensions，and that will be already happening in about 2030 to 2040.So your tax RMB will go to cover their pensions.So there are many many challenges coming to China.You have done tremendous advances in the last 30 years，you are really a success story.No other countries in the world are managed to advance as quickly as you have it.You can see it everywhere.You have already had much highways as in the United States.You have more bullet trains than in the rest of the world combined，you have the building of new cities left from consenter. And urbanization is the big phenomenon here.The driving force in 1990 I think there were 26% to all Chinese are leaving the countryside.So your parents are more likely to born in the countryside.Maybe some of you have been born in the countryside.Today about 51% to 52% Chinese are living in cities，and by 2050，probably 70% will be living in cities.So there is a huge，huge mass movement of people from the countryside into urban areas.Urbanization is the phenomenon the world never seen before. And name of never seen，the only is that other places in the world is possibly the India，but they are not following your development plans and they are not able to copy your achievements.Everything is much slower and much complicated in India，and it’s a much poorer country than yours.Yours are a middle-income country already，and they are a poor country.

And then，all the urbanization will pose huge challenges，because you have built the cities from scratch，and you have the chance to be the best city in the world，but that will cost a lot of money.So the construction companies，they want to make a lot of money for themselves，so they may not think about the product they are making，so the buildings may not be energy-efficient enough.The transportation system may not take care all the cares as they need to.But you should make sure that all the people have moved to the city，they are living as close as possible to where they work，then you can save transportation costs and people have more time on their hands，more free time，less pollution because of traffic，and I think more happiness for all together.So that would hope when spoke on the other day of urbanization to real-estate people，I hope they took the idea that to build energy-efficient buildings. And there are some really great technology coming in，where by buildings in the future will be self-sustainable，they will produce the energy themselves.The windows will be including solar panels，and you have grand heating so in the summer.The apartment will be nice to live，air-conditioned，and in the winter nicely heated. And the building will provide all electricity that needed.I think it’s brilliant that technology is coming. And when you get it，please use it.It’s no good to be a high-sky riser and big apartment building based on the old ideas.They will last very short time，and you have to tear them down and build new ones and this going to be expensive.So you are building new cities and you can build it in a right way.

But you have other challenges，water.Where will China get clean water from Beijing already using much less water per person than many other countries in the world，many other cities. And it has to be transported from Dams，all this new huge south-north cannel which costs，I don’t know，huge amount of money，18 billion dollars or something，to one of the biggest projects you have ever taken，will take water from rivers in South to Beijing.But the quality of that water is not so good.50% of it in China is treated today，but 50% is not treated.So that means one city can takes care of its responsibilities，but the next city down the river is getting clean water but is not taking care of its responsibilities so dirty water will continue.

And you will need a lot of energy.There is as China is the world’s biggest consumer of energy，you will need more and more，and you will take it from coal.Unfortunately，coal is the most polluting type of energy.Renewable，you have solar，winds power，hydro power and wave power.But the solar and winds power，the share of energy production in China is very very small.Coal is 70%，nuclear and hydroelectric are the rest. And China has taken the solar power to its heart，you are producing more solar panels today than anywhere else in the world.But the competition is also very tough among the solar panel companies.I think there are 1000 of them. And they employ 400000 people，and they compete with each other to extend that some of them go bankrupt.You may have heard Suntech in Wuxi，they were bankrupt.Because they have prices for some solar power companies are coming down with 60%，and they have been selling them to Europe，and the European companies are not happy because the solar panels are sold as such a cheap prices that the European companies can’t compete.So Chinese solar panel companies has to sell to Chinese consumers，because this is a fantastic country for solar energy.The sun is up，like it in the Desert of Takla Makan，every day of the year，no clouds，nothing，so you can make a lot of power of the sun.

Wind power is another type where China has put a lot of money.To the extent，you have more wind power than the state grid cannot absorb，that’s troubling because you lose it I think.According to some statistic，you lose 20% of your wind power generated electricity，it cannot go into the state grid，so it’s lost.The wind wheels are just running and not producing anything.The trouble with wind power is either it’s on or it’s off.If there is no wind，there is no power，and that’s why the grid have problems absorbing it. And hydro，you have built huge dams in most rivers，and not too many rivers are left for dams. And nuclear，you are having a lot of nuclear facilities，but all of that，is renewable of these new energy is not gonna that much，maybe they 3，4，5% of the total needs.Which means that you have to rely on coal，and that’s a bad news that the pollution just likely to increase.You all remember this past winter，hearing Beijing how bad the pollution was.Now that for authorities are measuring it for putting it on internet we can all follow everyday what we are breathing，and the numbers are sometimes quite frightening. And they will have health consequences，that micro particles we breathe of them，they go into the blood stream and go into your brain and heart at the end of the day.It will shorten our lives.The government is well aware of these problems and is just so huge that what can you do，you cannot shut down the power plants，then the cities will shut down，the industry will shut down，then the economy will go to a halt.Cannot do that，you can restrict car user or ownership，that’s will down.Every other day you cannot，or once a week you can’t drive in some places and every other day you can’t just go out buy a car anymore in Beijing.You have to join lottery for a number plates. And there are probably 100 persons eager to buy every 2 or 5 or 10 on every plates so it’s getting very difficult to get a cars. And what do we need energy for maybe industry takes it all，but 40% of the energy use in China is by you and me at home，we use the energy.So if somebody should complain about pollution，you have to look at ourselves.We use electricity，we use warm water，we use the power to watch TV and we have internet.We heat our apartments in the winter and cool them in the summer.That’s where the energy goes 40%.So these are some challenges that something you have to live with you，young people，you are the next generation. And I would not want you to say that，oh，look at the old generation they ruin the planet and this is what they gave us.

That’s a little feeling I am getting，because there are some really new numbers on see you all to pollution in the atmosphere，but I read，it’s now higher than it in the past nearly 400 million years.So carbon dioxide is taking off in this kind of projection. And this is here for everyone to see，if you go to Himalaya，you will see the glaciers are receding.If you go to the North Pole，you can now take a ship on the northeast passage and northwest passage and see in summer there is no ice.That will be good for transport from China to Europe，and from Europe to China.But it’s not for global warming and climate. And all the ices disappeared，the blue water absorbs more sunshine，makes the water warmer，makes its freeze later，makes it be thinner in the winter. And at the day we are going to have warmer temperatures. And here in China you are actually living on the treachery of dessert.You are very close to the dessert，and you are being fighting dessert and anxiously for years.But there will be less water to fight with desert defecation with，it will be less waters for cities，it will be less water for agriculture.All these issues.So China like the rest of the world，we do need a lot of very smart people like you，young people that come up with new ideas or how to manage.Past generation we failed then，we have been so dependent on carbon，on oil and gas. And maybe prices are too low，maybe we are pay too little for oil，too little for gas.We don’t think so in Europe but some how we need to restrict the use.We will be continue living on carbon，this might be the curse that really destroy the planet.That would be sad because we have achieved so much in such a short time.Of course there are ways of getting rid of carbon that you can pump into the ground，into the old oil and gas，you can feed it towards LGs.But all in all，it cannot solve the big problem，and what is so troubling too is that when the north gets warmer，the permafrost in Siberian area or permafrost in Canada and Alaska will melt.When the permafrost starts melting，it will release methane.Have you heard the methane gas？It has been bombed for hundred and thousand years in the permafrost.When it is released，it will speed up to the sea ill too.So as you can see that happening today.If you visit the Siberia on north coast，you can see the permafrost melting away.You can find all kinds of mammoth，skeletons that having been buried for 10^th of thousands of years，coming out into the open.

So lots of problems.But I am optimistic that we have come this far，why should we ruin？Ruining everything at the end of the day. And we are smart，we should be able to use that，but we have to remember that we have to work together.We cannot think individually anymore that we are Finland，or China，or the US or Japan，or thinking our own benefits just me，me，me.We cannot do that.We have to really think globally，this is our“spaceship”，we have to take care of it.So those were my thoughts，I hope I didn’t speak too long.Now we will have questions and answers with my ideas. And I think I can answer 10 questions，and who ask questions will get a guidebook to Finland in Chinese.Who wants to start？

Question

Question 1：Thank you.The China’s rapid growing will be a threat to the world？How do you think about it？Thank you.

Lars Backstrom：Yeah，good question there！They may will be people around the world think that，China’s growth with 1.3 billion consumers，all with cars and living with the American Dream，that may be not enough resources in the world left to go her on.But every country has the right to develop，and you have the right as much as the US and European’s to become wealthy and successful.But for short we have more resource competition.I think China is positing itself already for resource competition because you are really out to Africa and Latin America to get involved in mining and oil and gas businesses.Your companies are buying stocks abroad in crucial areas，you buy your own materials from Australia for example.So it should not be thought as a threat but an opportunity for everybody as win-win.However I want to say that we will all come work for everything.The day when you Chinese and it will happen.Well，OK.there is the matter of middle-income trap，that China may face that 360 million pensioners，and you have so few people in training as work force in the world as the result of the one-child policy.Already today there are fewer people entering the work force and than before，so it has a decline coming.So fewer people have to work harder to make the tax money，and your incomes for yourself.So that might be a reason that China stuck in the middle-income trap.But let we think of it a win-win situation for all in the world.Who is the next？Next book.

Question 2：Thank you，it is really an honor for me to have this opportunity.I got a technical question.Since you have been to about 200 countries in this world，I just want ask how do get all the visas？As we all know in some countries you are really hard to get the visa.

Lars Backstrom：I know，I don’t like visas at all，we should be free to travel to wherever we want go，and I have problems by myself has been refused visas.For example，to Saudi Arabia，I want to go there because I want to go every country in the world.But they didn’t want receive me because in that time 1980s they did not receive tourists.I was a tourist.So the only way for me to go that when our foreign minister went，I asked if I could applied together with him to and of course I paid my trip myself and everything else then I got the visa. And in South Yemen I didn’t get a visa，too.Nowadays it has only one Yemen but that days it has North Yemen and South Yemen.I managed to get on the plane.Normally you don’t let you get on the plane if you don’t have a visa，but they let me on board and when I am arriving in South Yemen they want to deport me because no visa.So I explained to them that I am a diplomat with friendly relation with your country.So please call the ministry foreign affairs to ask before you deport me，and they called and the passport control and come back to apologize.So it’s good to have a diplomatic passport that help you.The normal passport would have deported me.So it’s not easy and I understand why we have visas.We have visas with Russian and there are 5 million Russians visit Finland every year.If you don’t have visas，there are maybe 10 million or 15 million rush coming to Finland every year，we will be pretty much are warmed. And when you don’t have a visa you can go maybe stay or overstayed，or work illegally，there will be more traffic and other problems that even with visas.So my hope is a visa-free world.Next book！

Question 3：Hello，Sir.Thank you for your coming first and my question is would you like to share your opinion on the safe-guarding in intangible culture heritage，for example the oral tradition.Thank you.

Lars Backstrom：You means like the sort of UNESCO world heritage sites or？Oh，I see，I see.Well，oral traditions are from the global perspectives，it’s not doing too well anymore.Unfortunately，as the result of globalization，we all turn to start watching same type of TV programs everywhere in the world. And at the end of the day，these people like carrier or remembers of these oral tradition are dying，and they can hard pass it on to the new generation.I don’t know this is a problem in China？Most important is that it is written down.That in Finland we call it Kalevala.It is a kind of compilation of all these oral traditions that vary existence in mid-18 century in Eastern Finland.We are happy that we wrote it down because it’s an important part of who we are.But I am afraid，this kind of skills thought they still exist in many places today，they are under threats.So if you have somebody you know who is good at telling stories，please write them down.As a young man，I was very fortunate to live on a small island where there was a strong oral tradition. And we would have old people，they would join us in my parent’s home before TV and sit to tell their stories. And I think it’s just fantastic for imagination for example.Good！

Question 4：Thank you.My friend want to invest in Finland.Can you give us an introduction of legal system in Finland？

Lars Backstrom：Yes，we trying hard to get more investment from Chinese to Finland.Finnish companies have invested in China for more than 10 billion Euros，and we have over 300 companies from Finland here. And this is quite remarkable because we only have a little more than 5 million people. And there are 13 cities in China that are bigger than in Finland.But Chinese companies have not much investment in Finland.Who are we？If you are the one.Maybe 200 million Euros.So we will much encourage that，we have a vibrant stock exchange you can buy stocks，no restrictions.It’s up to you，if you want to buy complete companies，then you have to make some research.There is a government agency called Investing in Finland who is promoting and telling investors what is available.Being a mining，or other type of companies that are for sale.So we really welcome if you have money that you want to put in Finland.It’s a well-functioning society，hardworking people.Yes，it is high taxation，as an owner of your company，on your profit you will pay 20% tax.But the workers are very well-skilled，most of them have high-tech，and this is the way to go into the future.We cannot do the some bought of machine but we have to do the complete thing，and we have to be very innovative to stay the head of the current.Thank you.

Question 5：Thank you Mr.Lars Back Strom，thank you for your lecture and I learned a lot.You visited more than 190 countries.So my question is which country do you like best and why？Thank you！

Lars Backstrom：OK，everybody asks me and I try to avoid to answering it you because I don’t think it’s fair to say that any one country so better than another.Like China，you can travel here and you can see its tremendous natural beauty，you have a 5000-year or 20000-year of all the history.Nobody can compete with you，and you are so big.So it’s plenty to do here. And then why the small country like Monaco，Saint Marino not favor towards a visit，they are interesting in their own right.So I am decline to answer your question.All countries are interesting and there is one amazing thing is that when you visit all these countries you meet people from them，they are all proud of their own country，they are Malawian，Nigerian，Zimbabwean or South African，Latin American，Kiribati，Tuvalu，Vanuatu and so on.All habitants，no matter how bad or bleak their lives are，they are still proud of their countries.Rightly so.Because if we don’t like our countries then we would all moves on somewhere else，at that were not be good.

Question 6：Thank you very much，and I have a question that you have visited so many countries，could you tell me a story touch，inspire you？And why？Thank you very much！

Lars Backstrom：One of the men I have met in my travels.He was from New Zealand and he was blind and deaf，so he couldn’t speak and couldn’t see，but he was still traveling.Can you believe that？All the way was it in the Argentina，he was traveling around with all these disabilities.He couldn’t see and couldn’t hear but he is still managed.There are people like that，just regular people，not Nelson Mandela，he was just a young man with disabilities.I was really inspired by him，and I feel so privileged to be healthy，to be able to see and hear and walk.So when you have bad days，remember that，you can see，hear and walk，you are really much better-off than other people.

Question 7：OK，thank you for coming our school and giving us a splendid and brilliant speech.My question is，with the development of our society，the science and technology and cosmopolitanism are all along in our daily life，someone suggest that cosmopolitanism should be understood as a fundamental devotion to the interests of human，it as a whole.In this concept，the nations are that might take in part.They are separate and identifies from keeping people from one to another.So someone suggest cosmopolitanism breaks down the boundaries and creates something like it might think of it like universality.But in the 18 century，someone，he started in his early life to think about the idea of a world，a world that government that would beyond nations.But later，he is suggesting about the federation of the nation.So my question is，you tell us so many nations，and how do you understand cosmopolitanism？

Lars Backstrom：As I said，up till now we have nation-states that are quite strong about protecting one’s interests and when you are thinking about the challenges being imposed they are really global challenges，everything，water，energy，pollution，peace，security all are global，global issues，and we have the United Nations which is doing a lot of good works，the specialized agencies are really doing a fantastic work，that UNHCR helps the refugees，and UNIDO helps industrialization，and United Nations fund for population activities helping women，you and women. And the World Bank financing development projects，these are really really very good.If you didn’t have，we would have to invent them.But when they come to negotiate in the next agreement after Kyoto Protocol，we have failed，we are not able to see a common good，we are still just protecting our own interests，this is the same for the US，same for China，same for Finland and same for everybody else.If we don’t be able to agree global strategies，it will be a peril unfortunately. And I mean there are people advocate that we should have a world government，the UN is closest thing to a world government，but that’s a long，long way you will fight.I don’t say any country succeeding power to a world government，but eventually countries may have to do so.When global warming has become so bad，there is no other way to tackle it and to cede power for a global body.I may not see this in my lifetime，and you may not see in your lifetime. And up to you learnt，we should work together.We should put aside our differences and make a better world for all of us.

Question 8：Thank you so much sir，I’d always been waiting to give my respect to the great Finland people who defended the Red Army around 1930s，please accept my respect.Here is the question，during your traveling，you must see lot of things in Russia，when you talk with each other，and will you mention this part of history？In my traveling，I met some Japanese guys，so I talked with them of the history between our two nations. And I think it’s a great way to know what the ordinary Japanese people think about in modern days.So I’d like to know your personal thoughts about Russians and their history. And also，I have another small question，as an experienced diplomat，you must handle a lot of crisis in your career，so shall you share with one of your experience，and what do you think is the most important characteristic for a diplomat to defend the interests of your mother country.Thank you！

Lars Backstrom：Yeah，about Russia.My father was in the war，his best friend died next to him，I don’t see he will forever forgive the Russians for what they did.But to my generation，when we have to move on，if you go back in history，you could basically hate everybody around because Finland has had wars with all neighbors，I suppose China has had wars with all neighbors also，so we’d better forgive and forget.I know it’s not easy in the case of Japan and that is applies to them，too，they should also apologize，forgive and forget.But we cannot hold on the history for too long，we have to move forward and cooperate，so that is the advice I can give you from the diplomat.Well，we have tens of thousands of diplomat in the world，our job is to represent our government the best way，and we can try to convince you to see the world from our respective.It needs also some skills，we have people that are engineers，doctors，social scientist，political scientist，all works of life.I have been an ambassador for 4 years in China，and I have been an ambassador in Thailand for 4 years. And before that I was the director of Humanitarian Assistance in our Ministry，in which I involved in one crisis after the other，like earthquakes，fires，wars，we have many people affected by wars around the world，Afghanistan，Sudan，and elsewhere. And it was a huge challenging job，my feeling was also that whenever we came，we came too late，people have already been killed，dying or starving to death，we should do much more to prevent these things from happening in the first place，and to prevent them from happening，it would require countries are more opening，or more open to outsiders to get help with mediation，ahead of the crisis breaking out.That’s mainly the big problem.When you have a domestic problems that you don’t want any outsiders involved，so also skills are required.

Question 9：Thank you！I want to know which part disappoints you most in our Chinese society？

Lars Backstrom：What’s that be？Well，you want that hugely in just a short time.I wonder have you kept breath with the development，you are so young，so you have swept into the new world automatically.But how do your parents think about these changes，are they thinking it that went too fast or are not right？I know for short Chinese people always complain about the price of apartment，everybody complains，it is so expensive.Young people cannot afford to buy anything.You have to take loan from the banks and you have to pay for 20 years，for your salary every month to go to the banks for 20 years，so that’s a kind of disappointing that you are taking the market economy a little extreme，you let it to go completely free. And in China，you have a socialist system you should be better in arranging the accesses，that the free economy can create.Because everyone deserves to a good apartment，that’s my view.But we have the same problem in Finland，the apartments are so expensive.It’s ridiculous！One final question.

Question 10：OK，I feel very excited to have this chance.I really like your speech，but I am not good at English listening，so I missed some key points in your speech，so I really want to get one book to have a deeply understanding in my spare time.To get this book，I really have to ask a question to you.So，can you make a conclusion of you speech with a simple sentence？Thank you！

Lars Backstrom：Thank you！Good point！Let work together for the benefit of all.（中文）谢谢！

（录音整理：李骁 初稿整理：李阳）