Unlike the Middle East，where sheep and goats were the earliest domesticated and‘pigs have been cast in the role of a late and rather unimportant addition to the repertoire of animal domesticates’（Redding & Rosenberg 1998：65），in many areas of China，pigs were most likely the earliest domesticate—with the possible exception of dogs—and pigs have been and continue to be the most important domestic animal. This paper discusses the important research topic of development of pig domestication in ancient China through a study of remains found in some Neolithic sites based on established methods of analysis—measuring teeth and bones，identifying the age structure of pig populations，calculating the ratio of suidae in faunal assemblages，and examining the archaeological background.